Energy Efficiency Engineering

The focus of this paper describes the designing procedure of Small hydro power plant implemented in Restelica River, Kosovo. For normal operation of the Small hydro power plant, there must be done measurements of the river basin annually water flow, hydraulic net head of water, to calculate sustainability of water flow, flow duration curve, flow rate, configuration units depending on flow rate etc. The choice of the turbines was made depending on head and flow rate of water from which has resulted in the installation of different turbines that have fit better those conditions. The head losses in penstock are estimated to be in the percentage (%) of the hydraulic gross head, depending on the length of the penstock, its diameter, sustainability of flow rate and its velocity. Since the water flow, it's not stable enough for production 3.018 MW electricity from one turbine, in this case, are proposed to installing three different turbines. This paper aims to determine the best efficiency of Small hydro power plants SHPP Restelica 1,2 and 3, with three turbines during operation depending on rated discharge per unit. If we rely only on the gross level of water drop in the respective turbine, then for all three power plants, Restelica 1, 2 and 3, it follows that the most favorable turbines will be those of Francis.

But when optimizing a particular type of turbine for a particular location, one must also consider the amount of water that will pass through the turbine in question.

The Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is based on following EU Directives:

The EU Directive 2010/31/EU of 19 May 2010 on the Energy Performance of Buildings (amended by Directive 2018/844 of 30/05/2018) requires the Member States, the establishment of a measurable system of Buildings Energy Performance (BEP) or a Certification of Energy Performance (CEP). This Directive requires that each EU member state must set up a specific calculation method to achieve the BEP requirements and to certify the energy performance of buildings.

The energy efficiency EU Directive 2012/27/EU of 25/10/2012, in particular the article n°5.

The EU Directive 2009/28/EC of 23/04/2009 on the use and promotion of the energy produced from renewable sources.

The PEB certificate expresses the energy performance of a PEB unit (public buildings, residential and industry buildings, apartments, etc...) by means of several indicators such as energy class, global and specific consumption of primary energy, renewable energy, CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions and contains recommendations for improvement.

The Belgian Energy Performance Certificate is the perfect example helping Belgium as a Member State to achieve its energy efficiency targets. It can inspire the authorities in Kosovo, whose ultimate goal is to join the EU, to prepare the legislation that would incorporate the entire EPC in the procedures for new construction or renovation of buildings. This would be one much appreciated way to prepare at best to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the energy performance of the residential, tertiary and public buildings in Kosovo.

This paper describes how much a typical building is contributing to global warming by releasing the carbon dioxide emission. And how the engineers and designers can decrease the amount of carbon footprint emitted from the building materials.

The world today has encountered with global warming and climate change. Besides other contributors, extraction of natural resources as building materials itself consume energy, cause environmental degradation and contribute to global warming. Buildings are the largest energy consumers and greenhouse gases emitters, both in the developed and developing countries. Urgent changes are therefore required relating to energy saving, emissions control, production and application of materials. Immediate suggestion related to use of renewable resources, and to recycling and reuse of building materials is necessary. As a case study a building made of commonly used materials; concrete, brick, stone and glass has been selected. Total quantity of carbon emission is estimated and finally suggestions are given to reduce carbon dioxide emission.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate physico-chemical parameters as the transport of many anthropogenic pollutants has an impact on this process. Erenik water is very important because it not only causes harmful environmental effects on the bed, but also becomes a significant barrier factor in its downstream and especially in the White Drin.

Samples were taken from the rivers under study, as well as after their meeting, in July 2019 at three stations, and physico-chemical parameters such as: Iron, Manganese, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrates, Phosphates, Aluminum, Potassium Permanganate Consumption, dissolved oxygen , turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, COD, BOD, etc.

Water samples were analyzed in the physicochemical laboratory, such as: pH-metrics, conductometry, turbidometry, atomic absorption method, spectrophotometric method and classical methods of chemical analysis (volumetry). Water samples were taken in polyethylene plastic bottles that had previously been thoroughly purified with a 1.5dm³ volume, 20 cm below the water surface. The bottles were transferred to a 4ºC hand refrigerator and sent to the laboratory for further analysis.

As the flow of both rivers in the study area is spatially flowing, then the water quality of the rivers is particularly aggravated by the impact of sewage spillage, deposition of urban fertilizers affecting TSS, alkalinity and EC values, as well as COD and BOD. The values of the soluble forms of nitrogen and phosphate indicate that the impact of pollution during the course of the river is determinant in the water pollution of this river.

The rapid growth of technology meant an increase in the quality of life. In other hand with a rapid growth of technology there is a rapid growth of environmental problems. In 2018, approximately 50 million tons’ e-waste is generated. A few year-old electronic product lives became suddenly short. This brings to an explosion and rapid acceleration in producing e-waste and solid waste. Waste and problems that they bring such as environmental and ecological problems are currently one of the biggest problems of the modern world. One of the solutions is to raise the awareness among people about the consequences of their actions. In this paper new approach of treating scrap-e-waste to educate a new generations in order to change their behavior regarding scrap is presented through few examples of automated systems! New approach of recycling scrap, is a starting point on how we can reuse scrap, and how we can start from individual level to contribute in reduction of scrap. In same time recycling is used to combine theoretical part with a practical one, to help a younger generation to analyze, design, control and build automated systems that could be used as a solution for everyday needs!

This project-oriented work, is a pre-feasibility study of a pico-hydraulics plant, which has to be installed on an appropriate structure in UBTUniversity for Business and Technology at Pristina, the capital of Kosovo. It begins with the structural analysis of the designed laboratory, moving on through to the technical-economic study of the individual components, concluding with the definition of its effectiveness, based on the actual data of the plant. The purpose of the plant comes from the idea of fully exploiting the energy available in a public building, with special regard to what is daily discarded without being exploited. It will be analyzed the feasibility and the convenience of the recovery of the grey water potential energy from buildings of considerable height (100 – 200 meters) through a hydraulic turbine.

Among the various possible applications for a reformed methanol fuel cell, in addition to the portable generation in remote areas and military use, the use in the automotive field is interesting and promising. RMFC is used as "range extender" in battery-powered electric vehicles. This would increase the driving autonomy of the electric vehicle making it no longer strictly dependent on the capacities of today's batteries, eliminating the problems associated with them, such as the battery pack weight and overall dimensions. Besides, they need for recharge to short-term and are characterized by very high hazard in the event of a car accident (today's lithium ion batteries - if heavily damaged - tend to generate fires difficult to extinguish). In this paper the possibility to design and realize an onboard plant has been studied and evaluated. The various characteristics of the cells are analyzed and a first preliminary system is studied in all its components. The next steps, in addition to optimizing the plant, will be to evaluate the economic feasibility and the various systems of methanol supply.

Renewable energy resources, among other things, play a significant role in the safe and clean supply of electricity consumers. Also, their impacts are reflected in the proper functioning of the transmission, generating and distributing system. Their integration into the topology of power systems and balance between production and consumption, also planning requires a detailed analysis so that the energy balance to be under allowed limits and has no consequences in impairing the safety margin of the power system parameters. For this, analysis and study coincide with the analysis of the indicators and their performance on the integration of these resources into a power system by building a structure and combining the hybrid variety of these resources. Thus, the study deals with some aspects of the analysis of the parameters of these sources into the power system, respectively in the one substation and performances of the electrical parameters.

Solar energy nowadays is considered being one of the renewable resources that has the highest rate of growth. BuNa inverter efficiently transforms a DC power source to AC source,with better characteristics in comparison with other inverters.The purpose of this inverter is to supply the LED bulbs only with the same power, more efficiently than other inverters.The input voltage is 12 Volt from battery and output is 220 Volt AC pure sine wave without loads.The consumption of inverter without loads is 0.1 A from battery or 1.2 Watt.This type of inverter has many advantages:no electrical shock hazard,protected input from wrong connection,output is protected from short circuit,after disconnected from short circuit the LED bulbs will light againwithout causing any damage.Moreover,it can be a great device for hospitals,countries without electricity,schoolsetc..The use of this inverter would help people in rural countries have lights in their everyday life.

The main purpose of this paper is to elaborate and closely scrutinize methods which lead to the reduction of environmental pollution in Skenderaj by refining the sewage.

The sewage water treatment plant in Skenderaj, which is the only one in Kosovo, has a maximum wastewater treatment capacity of 245m3 / h, with two functional suction pumps for treatment, but the current nominal capacity is 200m3 / h. per capita 8,000, out of the 50,000 that this municipality has.

The process of sewage treatment is s simple process. Sewage is inserted as it is containing a large scale of pollution and after refinement the water comes out 80 - 85% pure and bearing this quality is thereafter deposed into the Klina River. That is, the water purity rate after treatment is 80 to 85 percent. Laboratory measurements are primarily focused on analyzing key parameters such as: water temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity, TDS, TSS, sediment particles, dissolved oxygen, BOD5-SHBO5, COD-GO. During sewage refinement or treatment, a similar sludge (fertilizer) is used, which is used to fertilize various flowers and trees, not sold, but given to citizens. Water treatment is done in two processes: the mechanical purification process, and the biological purification process.

In order to avoid harmful effects to health and the environment by exposure to untreated wastewater – sewage, water used by households, and industry wastewater, there should be taken steps to reduce pollutants released into the environment.

In the modern era, due to the continuous increase in demand for higher housing comfort, energy consumption in construction has increased too.

While in an industrial country such as Switzerland the energy going into construction accounts for over 50% of all energy consumed, in Kosovo in a country far less economically and industrially developed than Switzerland, at least 70-80% of energy is spent on buildings.

Energy efficiency in construction and a well thought out and well studied energy supply policy of the country are crucial factors for its economic development.

In addition to other relevant factors (shape, object orientation, etc.), construction efficiency also depends on the type of construction and insulation materials used.

The efficiency of insulation materials is defined by thermal conductivity or Lambda value (W/mK).

In addition to theoretical calculations, we have explored the impact of these materials on efficiency by measuring the U-value with particular emphasis on different windows and exterior walls. The measurements were carried out using a special apparatus of the GreenTeg company from Zürichu. This apparatus has been developed in collaboration with ETH Zürich.

These measurements have made effort into showing how the U value (or U coefficient) (W/m2K) changes and how different types of windows and different exterior wall insulation materials affect construction efficiency. These measurements are important before or even after renovations. In addition, with these measurements we can ascertain the energy performance and the economic calculation of these renovation measures.

Use of zeolite type of long term thermal storage and reuse of energy at our homes. The goal is to create future completely self-sufficient energy independent living homes and residential buildings. Integration of heating cooling and refrigeration for everyday use by lowering energy waste and increase of overall energy efficiency management. Description of idea of integration of three household appliances, air conditioner, refrigerator and water heater, into unique system without need of thermal energy irradiation into external ambient. Conservation of thermal energy during hot summer and reuse of such energy for heating on days with low temperature.

The deposition of pollutant particles found in solar module cells, in fact, affects the efficiency of radiant power and at the same time affects the generating power of solar converting energy. Optical light incidence rays, which are considered as energy losses, also make a fraction of losses (FL), which are in fact quite complex to find the particle size and form of numerical calculations taken as polydisperse samples. Empirical formulas for particle deposition by setting wavelength and optical depth parameters have been used. In order to elucidate the radial framing and the efficiency of the incidence of fractures on the surface of the solar panels, In this research, in the practical case, as a possible scenario, measurements were made during rainfall with aerosol contamination, simultaneously measuring the performance of PV cells, converting power to current and voltage, analyzing simulation loads by means of measuring instruments and pollutant particle assemblies found on the surface of solar panels for some high-stress Kosovo locations where Prizren has been the object of study. The disappearance of optical rays of light reduces the incidence rays due to the absorption distribution. calculated the substrate distribution of factors with DDA using two different refractive indices for the substrate, the first being n₀ = 1.0 identical to free space expression (i.e., no substrate), and the second being n₀ = 1.5, is typical for a glass or molten silica substrate.

Being referred to data concerned with renewable energy sources, particularly the wind energy potential ranging from 3 [m / s] to 12 [m / s] in some locations in Kosovo. In this perspective the comprehensive economic development of Kosovo regarding the need to develop the wind energy market and the fulfillment of European EBRD directives requires the implementation potential electricity generation points from wind turbines. The research of the paper is the overall wind potential of the KITKA eco-park in Kamenic. Taking into account the factors which have a direct impact on the locations where wind turbines are located. Indeed the power park represents the connection of the turbines from each position where the turbine generators are located, their operation and the optimum position of the turbine flares to the generation of electricity. This paper will be primarily focused on the KITKA concrete park wind turbines, their concentration form and their operational and environmental impact. Kitka operates 9 turbines with a capacity of 3.6 MWh for a turbine with a rated power of 32.4 MWh. The diameter of the turbines is 137 [m] and the height of the mast 110 [m]. The distance between the two turbines was about 1.5-2 [km]. The power transformers located in the turbine are located on the ground below the turbine with a capacity of 4 MW and transformer voltage of 1 / 20kV / kV, the space where the power transformer is located is 1-1.2 [m].

The process of lead debismuthization in the Trepca complex begins immediately after the zinc removal process and is complicated enough to the final product for reason of numerous technological processes.

Such a process was carried out by Croll Betterton's method and developed according to two variants. According to the first variant the amount of lead bismuth decreased up to 0.01% Bi, while according to the second variant the amount of Bi in the lead decreased up to 0.0034% Bi.

Also the benefit of Bi-rich foam should be subjected to the process of melting and draining (sinking) of Bi-rich foam, the removal of bismuths, the chlorination process and finally the refining of crude bismuth.

While the electrolytic method is based on the Pb-Bi alloy electrolysis, or the electrolytic refining of the bismuth lead lies in distinguishing between the electrochemical potentials of the elements present in the material undergoing the electrolysis process.

For this reason, a new refinery has been constructed where the process of obtaining high-quality bismuth will be carried out electrolytically.

Kosovo is a small country with an area of about 10.887 km², pollution at country level is very big, but the main pollution problems are in urban areas which are highly polluted as the main cause of this pollution are: industries, power plants KEK, Road Transport, District Heating Companies (in Prishtina, Gjakova and Mitrovica), Urban and Industrial Waste Disposal (with different local impact), Wood and lignite for home heating. (World, 2011). Regarding the regions Prishtina region is the area with the highest air quality pollution caused by KEK power plants located nearby, other smaller industries, transport, heating, and other individual heating facilities. (Botrore, 2011). Since air pollutants know no bounds, Of greater concern are; volatile organic compounds (VOC), CO2, NO2, CO, sulfur compounds SO2, PM10, PM2,5 etc. During this paper we will present the air quality in Prishtina region where air quality analyzes were taken by KHMI for the whole of 2018-2019 by measuring these parameters, SO2, CO, NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5 all of these measuring (µg / m3), and always referring to the Directive (2008/50 / EC) and the Law on Air Protection from Pollution (No. 03 / L-160).

The chaotic situation of industrial and transportation grow around the globe is a situation that left substantial traces, both in the environment and in everyday life. With the introduction of the Pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) of Covid19 in March 2020, many countries in the world imposed numerous instructions including the restriction of movement, both national and international, which also affected the use of motor vehicles thus, having direct impact on reduction of air pollution caused by motor vehicle’s emission. On 15th of March 2020 Kosova’s government also introduced numerous instructions including restriction of movement. The aim of this paper is to conduct a periodic comparison of air pollution in the cities of Kosovo as a result of restrictions that led to reduced use of motor vehicles for a certain period, namely March-May 2019/2020. Based on the data provided, air pollution in the cities of Kosovo has decreased by almost 50% compared to the same period in 2019. Thus e.g., average concentration of NO2 in Kosovo during March 2020 was about 15 µg/m3, compared to around 30 µg/m3 as it was in March 2019; PM2.5 during March 2020 was 14.9 µg/m3, compared to about 21.7 µg/m3 in March 2019.

The UBT campus is geographically located in the central part of Kosovo at the crossroads of the most important roads in the Kosovo region, about halfway between the cities of Pristina and Ferizaj. The main purpose of the work is to supply the electricity campus with the PV solar system, with the connection of SMART communication with the city according to the self-supply model of the constructed facilities. Connections of functionalization and organization of contemporary study life on the basis of ecological background according to the clean model (green) using the roof spaces of buildings with solar panels of PV system with generating capacity of 2x50 MW with connection of wind generating combined potentials, geothermal and amount of water for use for the city SMART. Connecting the inverters to the Grid system with the generating surpluses of the PV system and harmonizing the legislation of the Republic of Kosovo with the balancing and motivating policies for using the natural resource with the educational city of the campus, without ignoring the modeling system with the cooperation links where the area is industrial. The coordinate of the geographical position is 42 ° 32 ′ 0 ″ N, 21 ° 6 ′ 0 ″ E, with an altitude of 550 m, while the area of the radiation time is UT + 1, Albedo from 0.25 solar rays to 0.7 rays, the peak of the radiation area . For this study phase, measurements of solar radiation intensity were made, the slope of the incandescent angle in the space of the solar panel plant connection to the distribution electrical network. The environmental space of the campus is treated and organized according to environmental standards with its own system of educational services SMART.

Over the years Renewable Sources are the focus in terms of Energy. Renewable energy replaces traditional fuels in four different areas: electricity generation, water and space heating, motor fuels, and rural energy services. The development of the energy market and especially renewable energy is playing a key role in Kosovo, this can simultaneously lead to the stabilization of the new economy of the country. Only a sustainable, efficient and modern energy supply can ensure the rapid development of new industries. Energy production in Kosovo is currently supported by fossil fuels, mainly coal, while a small amount of energy is obtained from renewable sources. The use of fossil fuels has a major negative environmental impact, and this makes us think of a more sustainable solution with less impact on the environment. In this paper, based on the research method, it will be concluded how favorable is the use of wind energy in Kosovo, its economic and environmental impact.

Now-days the demand for energy is increasing day-to-day and most of the electrical energy is generated using fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). Using these fuels brings emissions of damaging gases, which cause air pollution and climate change. In order to reduce the pollution and prevent climate change, we have to make a transition and start using renewable energy instead of fossil fuels. Renewable sources like solar, wind and hydro energy must be a solution for this transition but the shortcoming of these sources is that we don’t have them constantly. In Kosovo 95% of the electricity is generated using coal and it’s concerning because the power plants are almost older than 50 years and the pollution is a serious problem in the areas around the plants. These plants have to gradually be replaced by renewable sources. Solar energy is a part of this solution, considering that the solar irradiation is quite suitable in Kosovo. There are around 2069 hours of sunlight in Kosovo and the usage of this potential will be a great benefit for us. After detailed analysis of the implementation of the photovoltaics type “JSM 72 330W”, we come to the conclusion that the price crosses the economic reasonability of investment, which also causes insecurities in electrical supply.

Renewable energy technology is cleaner and has less impact on the environment and emissions than conventional energy sources. Nowadays all over the world conventional and non-conventional energy sources are used to cover the demands for electricity which are increasing along with the increase of the world population. Among renewable energy sources, solar and wind energy are the most essential due to their availability, quantity and high reliability. Many factors need to be considered when planning the construction of the plant from wind turbines. In wind turbine important parameters are wind speed, turbine inclusive surface and air density. The selection of the wind turbine should be done based on the climatic conditions of the intended country, the form of their connection in different geographical positions, the form of communication and the efficiency of the turbine.

The need for energy, fossil fuels and the emissions generated from these fuels are increasing daily. In recent years, biodiesel has attracted significant attention from worldwide researchers, governments, and industries as a renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic fuel. Its production from waste cooking oil (WCO) provides an alternative energy means of producing liquid fuels from biomass for transport uses. Biodiesel production by recycling WCO and methanol in the presence of kaliumhydroxide (KOH), offers several benefits such as economic, environmental and waste management. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the pre-treatment and the usage of WCO for the production of biodiesel in Kosovo. In order to know as accurately as possible how the Kosovo market is prepared for biodiesel production and what potential Kosovo has in this case, we researched on our own the market by interviewing the workers from the gastronomy sector so we could calculate how much oil is being yearly wasted, and within it the amount of energy too. In addition, this work highlights the purification and analysis of the produced biodiesel in a chemical laboratory, the operating parameters that highly affect the biodiesel yield, the air pollution related to it, several economic and energy studies based on statistics.

Medical waste poses a greater risk to human health compared to other types of waste. Environmental pollution caused by medical waste can be large and can spread various diseases and epidemics, but pollution can be classified according to the most important components of the environment that are polluted and as the main component are: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution. The practical work was carried out in the regional general hospital of Gjilan, hazardous waste that is generated in rural areas is managed in a controlled manner in the waste management plant which is also within the city hospital. In this paper we have come to understand the great importance of “Medicinal Waste Management” and the damages that can be caused by not managing this waste. Of particular importance in this regard is the increasing role of citizens, civil society organizations in environmental protection, in particular in waste management of medicinal products. The aim of these actors and analyzes is to improve the management of medicinal waste in Kosovo with the participation of various organizations in the search for better services as well as to raise awareness and awareness of Kosovo citizens on how to deal with medicinal waste and medicines expired. Objectives: 1. Establish a system for the management of medicinal waste, 2. Train medical - professional staff on the implementation of EU waste management standards. 3. Build medical waste management plants, especially infective ones.

The technological process of obtaining non-ferrous metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu,Bi, Cd, Ni, Sb, Sn, Ag, Au etc. is done through the pyrometallurgical process. However, this process was accompanied by economic losses, due to the transfer of metals in the process waste on one side and the pollution of the environment by the gases released on the other side. As well as the flotation unit where the concentrate comes from are enormous pollutants of soil, water, and air. Therefore good management in the Trepça complex as well as in the flotation units is essential in commercial terms and in accordance with the conventions of the European Union. The elaboration of this problem is done through the data obtained from the flotation unit as well as those obtained from the reduction smelting process in the metallurgy of Pb-Zn in the Trepça complex

Water is one of the most important sources of life that cannot be replaced by other matter, so without water no form of living on our planet can be thought of. Worldwide demand for potable water rises by 4%, which challenges not only quantity but also quality. Depending on the origin, natural waters have different characteristics. In addition to meeting the needs in many vital processes, biological and physiological needs of the organism, water is an essential substance for the development of industry. There are almost no industries that for one reason or another do not use water. Water is also of great importance in the household, so population growth and living standards require increasing human needs for water. On the other hand even though the amount of water in the soil is the same, it is increasingly polluted by different pollutants. The purpose of this paper and study was the research of drinking water in Lake Batllava in the Municipality of Podujeva. During this work, the physico-chemical parameters, total organic carbon (KOT) and heavy metals in the lake were determined. All samples were taken in medium depth ventilation system for drinking water supply. A total of 10 samples were taken. The research was conducted in the area of Podujeva, respectively in the village Orllan where Lake Batllava is located. The general methods for used water analysis are: - Water sampling and conservation method; - Titrimetric and colorimetric methods of analysis; - Analytical methods of determining parameters; - Spectrophotometric and photometric methods; - Atomic absorption spectrophotometry method (SAA) The research was conducted in two seasons, the winter season (2019/2020) and the summer season (2020). The aim of this paper is to research physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals, and total organic carbon in drinking water. Comparison with the permissible parameters according to the Administrative Instruction UA- No.16 / 2012 on the quality of water for human consumption, as well as by the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines (WBO, 1997). So the results obtained from this research on this lake will serve as a recommendation to consumers that this water meets the conditions.