Journalism, Media and Communication

Fake news is a growing phenomenon. From the latest Q3 report Cybersecurity Report, the findings found that there is a 312% increase in false news, the bulk from the new media. In the classic definition “fake news” is fabrication, lie, propaganda or disinformation used to get the audience (portals looking for clicks), but even to stain the reputation of individuals.¹ With such news, the public is served daily. The main purpose of this paper is to show that media literacy is the only solution to minimizing the negative effects of fake news. Media education is the skill of critical thinking that enables an individual to create independent appraisal of media content.² The analysis will focus at five news that have been fake and the effects that these news may have to the public.

Given that online information is a main topic in the field of modern media worldwide, it is important to understand the role of this form of information. But the dilemma here is that we really have information in the full sense of the word, and news that really constitutes news ?! On the other hand, has the form of online reporting influenced the true journalist that the journalists of the portals have been passivated, since the statements of state officials were also being served by social networks. So, even the state officials themselves are taking advantage of this opportunity to avoid confronting journalists at press conferences. In this scientific research, based on a survey in Kosovo with respondents aged 15 to 18, from 30 to 40 years old, we will find out how much they trust the portals, while with the older respondents , from 50 to 60 years of age, do they have access to the online form or do they still read print or classic newspapers.

“The function of the media in Albania of the period immediately after the communism fall, is that of the regulator in the political behavior of the Albanian citizens, precisely of the establishment of reciprocal relations between him and the political forces of the country. In a way, the media has become a very important factor in building the political relations of society and in some sense of the state itself, ”says Prof. Artan Fuga. But even though it has been thirty years since then, the same phenomenon is again observed: the media and politics go as far as they need to get along with each other, because this coexistence is imposed by the harsh social and political terrain for years. This paper seeks to analyze precisely this, the connection and dependence of the media on politics and vice versa ,in Albania. Often, the clash of the two is forced to produce fake news, Fake News which is simultaneously manipulate and are manipulated by social, political and media realities. From this context, we say that the press itself is the carrier and transmitter of social subjectivity and an equally important element of the political entities themselves in the Albanian transitional society.

In the daily life, “no news is a good news” usually is used in the context that “a lack of information about a situation suggests that nothing bad has happened”. That might be true in many situation but sometimes “no news can be a bad news”. Focusing on Hydroelectric Power Plants, we use the data from National Environment Agency (NEA) and the traditional media, to argue why “no news is a bad news” and shed light on the media coverage of environmental impacts of HPP in Albania. While more than 260 licenses have been issued for energy production from HPP, more licenses are in the pipeline. Only in the first 7 months of 2019, Albanian National Environmental Agency has issued the Environmental Permit for 28 HPP while the environmental assessment reports have been submitted for 11 others, which most likely will soon get the environmental permit. Despite a number of advantages they offer as a clean source of energy, hydroelectric power facilities can have large environmental impacts by changing the environment and affecting land use, homes, and natural habitats in the dam area. However, with few exceptions such in the case of Valbona National Park and Osumi Canyons, traditional media coverage is missing, a trend which should change.

The aim of this research is for the intensity and representation of the manner of politic communication to be as correct as possible. Social Media has allowed the audience to get the message as fast as possible through different channels which enable unlimited exchange of information. The main focus of this research is the careful analysis and finding of the relationships between politics, modern media and the public. This is especially worth studying since in the last few years, political leaders have begun to use social media for political marketing purposes and/or various campaigns with the aim of escorting their the best image they can to the audience. Besides that, politicians now too have social media accounts like Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin etc. They thus, use these accounts in one way or another, to represent a certain status, share a photograph, be it for political or social purposes. The modern Media has also changed the access of political communication in relation to the public. The public receives the message in a direct way, only by liking an official website of the subject or leader of that political party. This way, the public doesn’t only receive the message without the need of any other media, but they also can comment a certain attitude of theirs about a certain occurrence, event or public person.

After the overthrow of the "clone", in December 1990 and in the spring of 1991, which was the barbarian border for the bloodshed, a new stage in the development of the border had started that described the Albanian people everywhere.What has aroused the most interest for me as a journalist at the time were two aspects:

a) the passage of the inhabitants of Albania near the border zone in Kosovo in the name of re-acquaintance with their blood people; and

b) using the "opening" of the border to exit Kosovo to the west and opening shops and businesses in Albania.

At first glance, what is really disturbing are the facts that the protagonists bring about how they were forced to comply with the instructions of the JNA officers, robbing the families they visited and badly trumpeting Albania on one hand, and the otherspeaking well of Serbia and their police and army. In order to incite Albania's hatred of Kosovo Albanians, the army and border police closed their eyes and ears to those passing their knowledge in Kosovo and Albanian families, only to comply with Serbian policy guidelines. Meanwhile, the rise of some businesses has brought about an unrealistic picture of people from Kosovo.The creation of this unstable atmosphere was done with the aim of deepening the division between Kosovo and Albania, furthermore in the hope that Albania would help Kosovo under any circumstances. Therefore, watching the transition of the communist system to democracy was not just a transfer of systems, but a transition accompanied by consequences, which took years to "repair", that is, until the beginning of the 1998-1999 war, whenthe transition of communism to democracy remain only a reminder of the past.

Online journalism not only today and now, as well as in the future, professional challenges, ethical, technical challenges and also time challenges. Online journalism has democratized and advanced the media in general, made it easier to obtain information, made it faster to publish information, faster access to read news, and so on. However, Online Journalism has also caused an "earthquake" in doing daily journalism, deriving lots of amateur mistakes. So the more accessible and practical the internet journalism is, It has become more dangerous for the public and with various, unethical and unprofessional blows. However, the main challenge of Online Journalism remains the verification of information, which should have been the main criteria, before portals publish anything and post on their websites. Failure to verify information brings many consequences, since we automatically enter the media range that publish false news that in media services are creating such a big mess. Accuracy and verification of information are the basis of good journalism, without excluding the practice of strong ethical principles. Among the challenges of online journalism is the battle against fake news, known globally as "Fake News". Fake news, usually appear just before the events of great interest or in the verge of happening. That is, because the media use the curiosity of the mass for making different benefits Most of all, the victims of fake news are uninformed citizens, usually of low education, with lack of social, psychological and economic stability.

This scientific paper deals with the types of communicating of media with their audiences through photography. As an expressive form of communication, photography reaches to attract attention and influences to create opinion on the events reported by the media. It is not just a companion of text, but one of the main components of the message structure that conveys the media content to the citizens. In this context the focus will be specifically on the theoretical aspect, from the clarification of the notion of photography in the media and its history, as well as the analysis of concrete cases of impact of photographs from important events in different political and cultural realities. The influence and role of photography becomes more and more important, especially in the period when audiences require information through shorter texts. The photography in such cases brings vivid images of occurrences and phenomena, which often show reality without even saying a single word.

Radio continues to be empowered by its characteristic values as dynamic media and easily adapted to new technologies of 21 century. But, in Kosovo, radio is losing its audiences and impact it has had in previous decades. Through the questionnaire based research, we examine the reasons why audiences are losing their interest for radio and offer the alternative solutions for reinstatement of radio power in the era of multi-platform media. This paper argues that radio in Kosovo is losing its audiences because it is not producing content and is not using broadcasting platforms in accordance with audience fragmentation and the creation of new web audiences.

Among others written electronic media also represent in themselves communication mediums, which have been subject to a rapid growth and are being increasingly spread through popular platforms. First and foremost, the underlying factor which makes social media unique, is the speed of transmitting information and the direct contact with the users of those platforms. Consequently, individuals may carry out a sort of exhibition of themselves and express their desires. Written electronic Media, mainly serve as channels for spreading news, publications and advertisements through the internet. This paper is primarily focused on the titles which ought to be journalistic and as matter of fact be shorter, more precise, and meticulous in order to awaken the interest of public as a whole and even draw the attention of the attention of targeted readers. Indeed, this means that the title along with the outer form shall contain a wide range of peculiarities which are concerned with the content of the text and the way how it is compiled regarding the broad scope of comprising elements.

Achieving the success of a genuine film and television work requires devotion and creativity at work. A filmmaker goes through a long and challenging ways during the film’s realization and TV program. Because it needs to convey clear and meaningful messages to bring emotions to the viewer and impress in their memories. The director's imagination and creative imagination links his feelings with the guidance of the actors and the technical crew about the creation of his vision that is the film’s success in front of the audience. In addition to the number of actors participating in the film, an irreplaceable place has the technique of film making, which can be mentioned: The camera angles of which the position moves up or down depends on the scenes to be realized, then the movement of the camera that has a maturity of use due to detailed movie scenes, contrasting colors used in film, and contrasting color with which blurred images illuminate and vice versa. All these elements are the basis of the film’s realization and are directed by the respective film director.

Media it’s a best reflection of situation in one society. The greatest influence of the media on society comes through the creation of opinion. The way of building the future of a society is always determined by the general public. Throughout history we have had numerous occasions when the media strongly influenced the creation of social and political opinions which were then decisive in making decisions to change or not change the situation. The agenda setting theory describes the "ability" (of the news media) to influence the creation of opinion on important public topics. Agenda Setting is a theory that also tries to make predictions of upcoming events. Agenda Setting also suggests that the media has a huge impact on their audience by promoting what they should think instead of what they actually think. If a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will consider the issue more relevant.

Discourses are present in the mass communication in Kosovo as well, and they are shown significantly in narrative and visual forms, where they are often followed rigorously in attempt to approach or divide people/parties, stinging, labeling or convicting the other. However, certain issues, and mainly the most sensitive ones, are offered with decisive discourses, not infrequently though with blackmailing and threatening discourses. This especially happens because the human communication shows its entire originality when it is done through language. Even though there are many other communication means, they have neither the sustainability nor the antiquity from which the language profits. As to the pragmatics of communication, ‘communication’ as a concept has a wide meaning and it involves all relations, verbal and nonverbal, so that there is not a single moment that we cannot communicate. The notion “discourse” (from Latin Discursus) has the meaning of wandering, running about, spreading, whereas in linguistics this notion is concepted as a conversation or discusion. Public, political or social communication usually takes a higher level of attention when it is accompanied with discourse colors. This form of communication touches every class. Media, as their transmitter and carrier, undoubtedly pays a high attention to it.

Fan S. Noli, one of the most distinguished personalities of the Albanian nation, is defined as the best-known figure of literature, politics, religious activity and culture not only in our country, but even elsewhere, in different international areas in which he had the opportunity to represent Albania as a country and as an entity. He is remembered as a person of alternatives, contradictions, inner conflicts and tensions, as a man of state who sacrificed a lot to reach his goals and ambitions, which were endless. Logos and pathos were to be depicted as some crucial elements of his oratory and skillfulness of spoken word. Other stylistic and rhetorical techniquesmade his speeches convincing and argumentative, by leading his activity to a peak which had to be reached by anybody who uses words to persuade audiences. Nevertheless, analyzing a speech especially a political one without basing it on present historical context would be nonsense. By knowing and analyzing the historical and political context, one may come to the correct and appropriate discourse analysis, which encompasses in itself multidisciplinary elements of several fields of study. As a result, this article aims an analysis of Noli`s political speeches, especially those speeches given in international areas, where the impact that they want to create in the audience and the evidences and facts provided should be carefully and masterfully chosen and structured. For this reasons, a linguistic analysis of speeches needs a lot of effort and knowledge to be conducted.

During the communist system the areas near borders experienced the worst possible horror, as apart from dividing the villages by half, as was the case with the villages of Guruzhup and Zylfaj on the territory of Has, where these two villages were divided into two states, the other villages of this province were unfairly subdivided. separated many families from their families. With the closure of the border after June 1948, dozens of marriages were broken, dozens of new marriages that were engaged, children separated from parents, etc. were not possible. In the wake of this communist catastrophe, in order to destabilize Albania, communist Yugoslavia engaged hundreds of people, who forcibly adopted them as tools of power to bring many Albanian families to Yugoslavia. These individuals were called terrorists who were forced to cross the border at night and distribute tracts, while displaced families in Kosovo were called immigrants and mistreated for becoming tools of the Slavic regime. Through historical memory, since some of the characters in these events are still alive, I have communicated and talked directly with many of them, and most have talked during 1991, when I also published stories in the “Bota e Re” newspaper, I will try to present the method of recruitment of the terrorists and the consequences that the displaced families carried out during the years 1948-1952 in the border area of Albania - Kosovo, respectively in Has area.

The regulation and self-regulation of the media in Kosovo are realized through two institutions. One regulates and is entirelyindipendent constutionaly: Independent Media Commission (IMC) and the other is self-regulation and is: Press media Council (PMC).regulation consists of audio and visual media. Self-regulation consists of print, traditional and electric media, primarily on-line media.Even Kosovo is challenged by the global problem given the enormous technology development towords legal cover. Often as a result ofregulation and self-regulation stremble many cases endes to cort, which in Kosova are so inert.

Freedom of speech, which is synonymous with the words "freedom of expression," freedom of opinion ", freedom of thought", "freedom of the media", "freedom of information", "freedom of communication", is a universal right in it all democratic states. Freedom of speech is one of the most important fundamental freedoms guaranteed against oppression or state regulation. After the war in Kosovo, there has been a tendency to create a legal framework that will "instill" democracy in the country and stabilize Kosovo, as a post-conflict country, including the promotion of the right to freedom of speech. Following, Kosovo's independence in 2008, the country has made some improvements in this regard by establishing constitutional and legal basis compatible with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (CE, 1950) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN, 1948), as well as other international legal provisions. However, this progress in defending freedom is not enough for a country like Kosovo that claims to have a democratic society. According to the European Commission's Kosovo Report for 2018 (EC, 2018), “The legislative and institutional framework in this area remains fragmented and ineffective”. This paper reflects the legal and constitutional provisions on this matter since 2008, respectively after the declaration of independence. It also looks at the practical situation of protecting freedom of speech in Kosovo, with a particular focus on the period after 2008, respectively the period after the Independence of Kosovo.

Despite the existence of some mechanisms that are designed to prevent potential ethical violations during reporting, the Kosovo media often continues to violate basic ethical principles, which subsequently lead to irreparable damage. This research paper reveals the shortcomings in the reporting of the Kosovar media and the consequences of unprofessional reporting, which harmed many people during 2019. The paper specifically deals with the ethical escalation during the reporting for a Kosovo citizen from the Roma community, which is the most glaring case not only of ethical violations, but also of violations of fundamental human rights.

The Law on Access to Public Documents is one of the most necessary laws for the transparent and democratic functioning of the country's institutions towards its citizens. Many organizations that have monitored this law have argued that this law is not implemented by the public institutions themselves. In fact, according to non-governmental organizations in Kosovo, there are cases when the Law on Access to Public Documents has not been implemented and respected by the most important state institutions such as the Office of the Prime Minister, Kosovo Prosecutorial Council, the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Economic Development they respond to this law by closing the cases for a while and not being transparent, but they let them to be proceeded as judicial cases in our country.

The enhancement of technology has led to a faster and more accurate informing than before. Almost every one of them has a cell phone comprised of various programs installed in it creates them the opportunity to browse a wide range of different newspapers and magazines and in the vast majority of languages in the world. Due to the fact that the media is an industry which constantly produces information, an as matter of a fact it’s function is to inform the public, and that their activity is regulated by law, it implies that they are or at least should be in function of fulfilling the obligation which implies conyeing fair information to the public in compliance with the legal acts governing the media. Based on the reduced number of newspapers printed over the years in Kosovo, the small number of copies printed and sold, as well as the increase in online newspapers. Consequently, this hypothesis been raised due to convergence ( voice, image, writing) and owing to the speed of news dissemination, the number of followers of the portals-electronic newsletters has increased and the number of followers of the printed newspapers has decreased, as well as the followers of TV and fixed radios. In this regard, Information Technology is one of the main factors in this development of print media, which at the same time, readers, listeners and viewers send the written news, recorded and filmed.

Kosovo policymakers, in addition to infantile cooperation with internationals, have created cohabitation with their local subordinates. The logic that for the Kosovar society the submissive poltroons are better and more useful than the dignified, honest, proud, critical, open- minded, hard-working and responsible citizens who have remained straightforward, is also prevailing in media. This cooperation in public political life is being articulated as an authoritarian-poltroon binomial. Unfortunately, media is not treating this serious danger that is causing consequences today and is degrading the future of national values and the rule of law, at the height of the risk with professional responsibility they should have, although the degree of spread and intensity of this the phenomenon depends not only on the level of political culture and social relations, but also on whether we are dealing with authoritarian or democratic, liberal or totalitarian societies. Authoritarianism and poltroons have intensified two-way communication. A great danger for the society and the statehood of Kosovo is their “converging ability"! On one hand, there are more poltroons that bow to authoritarian leaders such as "leaders", "bosses", "the powerful" .... on the other hand, it is the authoritarian leaders who consider fawning and bowing, as support as they want to be "important", "loved", "respected" ... in positions where they are, or want to reach even higher. Authoritarians promote poltroons with many privileges by taking advantage and promoting their loyalty, while the importance and benefits of poltroons are so great that servility is convincing to prove loyalty. Governance ruled by authoritarianism and servility is imposing the authoritarian will of leader supported by the will of the poltroons who oversee and control the party, the justice system, the public administration, the labor market and institutions, ostensibly independently.

The history of COVID-19 has profoundly affected both the professional and personal level of journalists, from psychological trauma and refined investigations, to the health risks to their families. But experts say planning, daily habits can make work manageable - the very fact of working and the feeling of doing something good can turn into a factor of strength and motivation that journalists can use. The advice given by media experts is this: learn, plan, relax and communicate. Therefore, to report on such a situation, such as the already global spread of Coronavirus, you need to know many things and principles on how to report on this sensitive and challenging situation for the Kosovar media. The print media, television, radio and portals in particular have made initial mistakes, not to mention those social networks that have not even made headlines and have no information about who is behind them. Sensitive situations require high professionalism, prudence, knowledge and courage to face the unexpected and avoid the impact of misinformation spread by false news. Unfortunately in Kosovo we have very few journalists who had been able to perform this task with conscience and professionalism from the field. Therefore, the attention we must show towards this phenomenon obliges us to be really good and smart professionals to calmly face the way Covid- 19 is reported. The editorial offices of portals, but also of televisions, radios and newspapers must urgently engage journalists who are mature, who have experience and knowledge on the danger posed by distorted or inaccurate information. It is not only the journalists who should be in charge because the statements of the institutionally responsible persons are also vital here. My topic addresses precisely these journalistic differences and nuances in the report or toward any global pandemic.

When the Director-General of WHO (World Health Organization) Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus declared that: “We’re not just fighting an epidemic; we’re fighting an infodemic. Fake news spreads faster and more easily than this virus and is just as dangerous!” nobody opposed him. What is called the “social media” has contributed a lot to this INFODEMIA. This presentation is an attempt to have a closer look at “behind the scenes” of not the “how”s but the “why”s of this phenomenon in a precarious time when all humankind is facing one of the most important dangers in history and trying to make a forecast of the possible the aftermaths of it.

Given that at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, everything stopped working. Journalists within the media they represented, remained historical in this period of isolation for the whole world. To bring information from the scene despite risking their lives. On the other hand the interest in accurate and impartial information was what was most required after by the public at this time. But, even this time, the dilemma arose as to whether we have credible news, especially when false or fake news has become a well-known term for the public. Also, in addition to this, there is another dilemma, how much the media adhered to the observance of ethics at the time of news production, but also the challenge to bring news with research topics in this period. Therefore, based on a monitoring and analysis of Kosovar televisions, respectively main news, what has dominated are the events for COVID-19, which are also in the focus of this paper. Meantime, all monitoring was done for a period of one month (March 13 - April 13, 2020).

Objectivity is a key element in professional journalism as opposed to fake news that increasingly affects the media space in the Republic of North Macedonia. The irresponsible behavior of some media, especially social media, contributes to creating a climate in which the public is misled. The trend of misinformation suggests exactly that, misuse of the media space in order to lead the audience to wrong conclusions. The misinformation easily won the media space, in a way removing the position of professional media research. Many studies point to the fact that fake news travels faster than the real news. Responsible media must be the link that will strongly influence powerful propaganda attacks. The public must not be misled. The media have a responsibility to accurately research and interpret the facts. The finished product of journalistic analysis must not contain elements of business, personal or political interpretations that will affect the objectivity of presenting the processed information.

The protection of Children and Minors is the primary standard of a society. Children and Minors beyond human moral obligations must be protected through strict legislation in a democratic society. These rights are enshrined in various international documents and conventions ranging from the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Legislation across different states should draft legislation in the spirit of this Declaration and the local specifics of different states. In Kosovo these rights are mainly protected through the regulator (IMC) and other laws affecting the field of human rights. The courts play an important role in respecting these rights.

Information is considered the oxygen and barometer of democracy where the fair and correct information is achieved through free media. Freedom of the media is the main pillar for the functioning of a democratic society, and the media is rightly considered as the "fourth power" of a state, after the legislature, executive and judiciary. (Bacaj, 2010) But still, journalistic ethics in our case of shared social media portals and news takes the main focus of the review. Media professionals are solely responsible for drafting the code of ethics. Formal intervention would jeopardize the independence of such a project. (Wilkins, 2009) Journalists have a role to play in conveying information, ideas and opinions, and the right to comment. It is the right and obligation of journalists to try to prevent censorship and distortion of the news (Çausidis 2012). Methodology: quantitative, historical, and descriptive. Survey-based on valid references. (OSCE, 2017), (Progni, 2012), (Zotaj 2014) Samples: 501 citizens from 2/3 of Kosovo municipalities, with two focus groups-sociologists-political scientists and journalists- editors. 53% of respondents had a university degree, and 94% received the news from their smartphones and personal computers. Results and discussion: 16% of respondents perceive online news as effective, 1/3 think that cyber journalism does not have enough time for editing. 77% are disturbed by the news where anyone can be a publisher and 89% believe that politics has an impact on the media. 57% believe in media ethics and 90% of them think that news should have its limit. From the portals and online newspapers, the most read was the Express newspaper with 52.5% followed by Telegrafi 33% and the others, 19-10%. Conclusions and conclusions: the majority of opinions were that online news is read more because it is easy to access, and free even though very few trusts in efficacy. Focus study groups think the news can be bought or even copied. The data suggest that the government should regulate the status of journalism with criteria, be impartial, and respect the law on the issue of authorship.

Communication and transportation technologies continue to bring together different languages, religions, cultures, ethnicities, and nationalities, in an unprecedented scale in this huge interconnected network of interdependence, conflict, and common fate. As a result, we nowadays live in an era ripe with a clash of identities. Of paradoxical interest is the fact that the very forces that serve to dismantle physical, social, and cultural boundaries, also worsen group rivalries, painting a deep and irregular picture of the world of today. Intercultural communication is the value of offering people, but also the consequence of intolerance of cultural identities, and the “us-versus-them” mentality. Anthropologists see culture and ethnicity as a sort of temporary continuation or tradition which ties members to a common future, as reinforced by the models and practices of life in regards to language, conduct, behaviour, norms, beliefs, myths, and values as the shapes and practices of social institutions. Sociologists treat culture as a societal category with an ethnic element, defined by membership which varies from other groups due to a series of characteristics, qualities, or criteria, such as national origin, geography, language, religion, and race. Psychological studies, on the other hand, usually approach cultural identity in terms of one’s subjective orientation and attitudes towards one’s ethnic origin. A number of intercultural communication theories offer concepts of cultural identity which can be characterized as integrative in an ideological position. The interdependence of engagement, communication, the new needs of society cause for so-called “cultural exchange” to be offered “aggressively” until multiculturalism is reached, and in more in-depth cases, assimilation.

We talk about online journalism, media on social networks, virtual communication, etc., but we have neglected and forgotten the essence of all this: writing, through which the text and communication are outlined. "If you are going to write, write"! - it is said in a "theorem" of the methodology of classical writing. But the question arises: How and for what to write? The purpose of this paper is to show that the main and most essential point of commonality is the fact that both of these areas have at their center the art and perfection of the way of writing by selecting genres. In this case we will definitely have to shape the idea of outlining the written material. Everyone in the foreground, in his field is a journalist or writer, because seeing and living the reality everyone is able to convey the truth in any way. It is known that the path to truth is not flat and to reflect this, the person engaged in its research must use all possible genres to bring it before the public.

Communication with the public as a concept is not new, as the discipline is. The twentieth century is decisive for the recognition of communication with the public as a special field that develops separately from linguistic, literary, psychological, sociological and political theories. Communication with the public is considered as a complex discipline that operates based on interdisciplinary research methods. The analysis of linguistic signs, discourses, messages, forms of communication, does not allow the discipline of communication to be separated from other disciplines that consist from words/language, the main elements for the discipline of communication. Therefore, in this paper we will present the forms of communication with the public and their aims.

Political parties in Kosovo randomly adhere to legal obligations to quotas for women in parliament. But, during campaigns, female candidates do not appear as leaders in debates and political activities. This paper focuses the campaign for parliamentary election in 2019. We have monitored the stories about campaign in three online media, presented on their Face book pages. The results obtained from the content analyses argue that women are presented only as integral part of the political parties’ lists and electoral activities. Consequently, during political campaigns, they are under presented within the parties and in media coverage.

Photography has had and continues to have a great impact on the communication that the media builds with the mass audience and has increased the level of credibility with the public. But the biggest difficulty in maintaining ethics lies in the images that are transmitted in the electronic media by anyone and anytime. In reporting cases of persons with special needs, crimes, accidents, cases of ill-treatment or abuse, the photographed subject loses privacy and the media interferes with the privacy of the person. Taking into consideration these elements, through this paper will be given recommendations on ethics in photojournalism and personal data protection, as well as conclusions will be presented through the treatment of various cases.

Public and Private Media in Kosovo operate on the basis of fragile legislation which does not provide proper solutions. Their regulation is to some extent satisfactory and is realized through the Independent Media Commission (IMC) but the problem is the Public Media which are challenged by the Private ones in many aspects. Public Broadcaster (RTK), audio/visual (television) and audio (radio) operate under a special law which in some cases is contrary to other laws. In the future, we should work with stakeholders to draft an adequate law in line with European standards and their directives (AVMS). A particular problem is the ownership of the media which has no legal basis yet. In the future, we need to work on a law on Media which in itself had included all legal aspects and had served as a basis for the proper functioning of Public and Private Media in Kosovo with special emphasis on On-line.

Among the important factors that directly contributed to the general social awareness is the revolutionization of the press as a means of communication. This process started very early, but in the form we know today, it dates since the time of the establishment of democratic systems when the industrial revolution had massive printing of books, newspapers, magazines, posters and others. So, it is about the nineteenth century, the time when the unequal development of capitalist relations created the need for cultural homogenization, which then led to the creation of nations, or the concept of the nation as a principle of modern political organization. In this process, the press has played an irreplaceable role in conceiving the unique national consciousness. We can say that the press became a necessity of national movements through which have spread the common culture, tradition and language. Such was the role of the press among Albanians in this period, which through various forms has influenced the formation of the Albanian national identity. The Albanian National Movement or as it was otherwise known the National Renaissance aimed at preserving the national territory through the development of national culture, with special emphasis on the common language as a link between different provincial groups. Thus, the printing of various books, newspapers, magazines and posters came from the writers of the National Renaissance who circulated illegally in the Albanian territories and aimed at making a nationwide awareness of the territories and a united Albanian state. Similar was the role of the Albanian press in Kosovo after the occupation of part of the Albanian territories by the former Yugoslavia. The Albanian press in Kosovo and in all occupied Albanian territories is characterized with addressing of the problems of political and ethnic nature by Albanians in the former Yugoslavia. Numerous newspapers, magazines, posters and materials in this period were published completely illegally by the Albanian illegal organizations of the time that operated mainly in the national spirit. In this paper a special focus will be on the illegal press in Kosovo in the period of 1945-1997, specifically their thoughts and attitudes in the patriotic education of the Albanian citizen under occupation. In this period, the illegal press massively propagated the need for national resistance for the liberation of Albanian lands, constantly bringing back the glorious Albanian national narration from the different historical periods. An important objective of this research will be the national spirit of addressing the problems that Albanians were preoccupied with, namely the ideo-political nature of illegal organizations, their political goals and other activities that were propagated through the press of the time in the conditions of occupation and oppression state. The violent activity, genocide and systematic discrimination of the Yugoslav state against the Albanians who were constantly treated in the illegal press of the time will also be analyzed. Thus, it will be addressed the importance of information-mass media in the political awareness of Albanians in the realization of the idea of freedom and the solution of the Albanian national issue.

With the development of technology access to information has become much easier. In Kosovo, online portals have become the main sources of information, while social networks serve more than socialising platforms, and are used for promotion and mobilization as well. These websites are designed in such a way as to provide easy access to information. However, the functioning of the portals is a challenge due to the fact that they are not even supervised and there is no regulatory framework for them. Portals in Kosovo are registered only as businesses, although they should not be treated as such because of their influence on the formation of public opinion. There is a lot of debate about how the media reflects gender representation, but this topic leaves much to be desired for the fact that gender representation is not sufficiently included in online media. Articles presented in online media do not meet any standard of journalism. The paper will analyze examples of reporting on gender representation in Kosovo, with a particular focus on reporting cases of domestic violence and their psychological effects on society.

Since their appearance in Albanian society, the print media have played an important role in the representation of Albanian CUSTOMARY Law. In the first newspapers and magazines in the 1920s, customary law was treated as an attempt to raise public awareness by making the Kanun the norm of the rules of Albanian society that regulated social life better than the laws of state mostly discriminatory occupiers on the one hand and on the other hand generally gave priority to the alienation of the Albanians. In this regard, customary law has long been the subject of treatment in the print media and has served this right. While with the liberation of the country or with the approval of Albanian laws, the print media re-treated customary law in the press, but now from a different perspective, where there were often signs of gunfire. From this point of view, we will deal in this topic with the attitude of the media, which was written in the periods of the late nineteenth and early twentieth and late twentieth centuries to see the function of common law in shaping and dealing with national identity media in this function.

The media and state leadership have a strong and inseparable link in the history of the media. In totalitarian regimes, the government finances and controls the media, in regimes with apartheid elements the government closes the media that does not like, persecutes and kills journalists. In democratic societies, state leadership and the media have a financial connection in most of the cases. This paper will address a very specific media situation, that of Montenegro in 1999. Montenegro was part of the former Yugoslavia, which was committing genocide against Kosovo Albanians. But the main media in Montenegro, starting with the public broadcaster, the radio as part of it, and the main newspapers, marked a rare case when the media does not obey the government but takes the side of people in need - Kosovar refugees who, fleeing extermination, sought refuge in Montenegro.

After the opening of the first Albanian school and after the congresses for language and education, respectively of Bitola and Elbasan in 1909, there was an immediate need for the press of the time, although small at the beginning, to deal with other topics for the cultural heritage of Albanians throughout the Albanian space. A key role in this regard was played by newspapers and magazines, which until 1913 were published abroad and then began to be published in Albania. The national cultural movement of 1908 - 1912, took place under the rule of the young Turks, but in relation to the Albanians nothing changed, so the press of this time was mainly published abroad by Albanian intellectuals. In this period there is a considerable number of the Albanian press, which addressed the problems of cultural heritage such as language, historical monuments and ancient traditions of the Albanians. Among these newspapers we should single out the newspaper "Liria", "Shqypnia e Shqypnisë" directed by Josef Bagerit, "Dielli" and then the newspapers "Djalëria" the newspaper of Albanian students in Vienna, "Shekulli i Ri", "Populli" "National defense" etc. Each of these newspapers and magazines has addressed topics about cultural heritage and its importance for national identity as an unjustly divided nation, which has a common and very rich heritage.

Digital communication or electronic media are now an indisputable part of our daily lives and consequently an important means of disseminating and exchanging information. This paper provides an analysis from the point of view of the connection between theory and practical work taking as a case study the work of the media office of UBT, with a special focus on the role of digital communication in public relations and the promotion of UBT. The existing literature framework has an increased emphasis on conventional media, and their impact but this paper made an important correlation with recent academic papers on digital communication by providing a context of how the media office has adapted to the technologies and online platforms that have formed the main communication base of the institution.

The research will analyze the central news editions during a given month, on four national frequency televisions (RTK, KTV RTV21 and KLAN KOSOVA). This paper will highlight the percentage of news that has been devoted to the pandemic and the percentage of other news that have been broadcast during this time. Also, the research will show whether the structure of an edition with the usual columns has been respected, while specifically addressing the news rankings for the pandemic.

Environmental education is an area that includes many disciplines, which develops knowledge, awareness, critical attitude, values and skills that will enable individuals and society to maintain and improve the quality of the environment in which they live. Environmental education teaches critical thinking, raises public awareness, directs the solution of environmental problems. It is the cornerstone of growing a society responsible for the future of our planet. And such encourages us to cooperate with national and international partners to acquire new techniques and methods in this regard. Environmental education, especially for students and young people, helps us to create a new relationship with the environment and nature. This teaching discipline is as important as mathematics, language, literature, etc. Students at school learn about great writers who have described nature in wonderful words; about painters who have presented extraordinary landscapes, but the students themselves have the opportunity to contribute individually to the preservation of the environment, and nature itself. The environment is also linked to sports and medicine because the nature is closely linked to public health. A clean environment brings more energy and less disease. Harmony with the environment brings harmony even within the community itself. The environment unites us with each other and is the legacy that connects us to future generations. Therefore, the younger generation needs to be more educated about the environment, because the nature that surrounds us, determines who we are as citizens, students, and human beings. The need for a more complete and multidimensional education is posed today not only as an alternative to having more civilized individuals, but often also as a single solution to challenge the various problems we face. Environmental problems at the local and global level make environmental education, and wider education, a criterion for developing sustainable lifestyles. Today more than ever, environmental education is being seen as a priority in national and international discussions of environmental issues and beyond.