Civil Engineering, Infrastructure and Environment

Reinforced concrete coupled shear walls are one of the systems commonly used in medium and high rise structures to resist lateral forces. The aim of this paper is to carry out an assessment regarding the impact of reinforced concrete coupled shear walls in the global behavior of the structure. Further, will be studied the efficiency of coupling beams, on the behavior of these walls, taking in consideration that depending on the stiffness of these beams, the walls can act as isolated walls, or interact with each other as a single system. Specifically, it will analyze the impact of variation of coupling beam‟s height and length, on coupled shear wall system performance, and plan ways of positioning of these walls. Among others it will also analyze the Coupling Degree degree of these beams. Important part of this topic approach, is the type of detailing and construction of these connecting beams of coupled walls, which has its own, because of the function to be performed, and the difficulty of realization in practice. Further in this study, we will see redistribution of internal forces on shear wall and their coupling beams due to wall-beam interaction, by using ETABS and SAP2000 programs. For the analysis of reinforced concrete coupled shear walls system, we will use “Modal Response Spectrum Analysis” and non-linear. ”Push-over analysis” . We will compare the following parameters for the building with coupled shear wall with various depth and length of coupling beam, we will compare the following parameters:

Lateral displacement at each floor levels, Time period of the building, Maximum deflection at roof level, Seismic base shear for models, Story drift of the structure, Storey shear, Overturning moments.

Reinforced concrete water retaining structures (RCWRS) must be designed so that the facility to be safe from leakage. One of the determining factors for the design of RCWRS is design with restriction of cracks. According to EN 1992-3 are defined four tightness classes in order to show degree of protection against leakage. In general, design of RCWRS can be done in two main cases: design without cracks and design with induced cracks which are controlled one. In this paper is shown the case where in design are foreseen to apply the concept of controlled cracks by application of joint tube for induction of cracks which takes rheological effects of concrete. The rheological effects of concrete can cause cracks which on one side are very difficult to predict where they will appear, while on the other side the appearance of these cracks greatly affects the degradation of the structure.

The waterproofing system of the bridge deck generally consist of a waterproofing layer plus a protective layer. The durability of bridges depends on the effectiveness of the bridge deck waterproofing system. Reinforced concrete is extremely durable structure material if properly constructed, however porosity will always occur and on the wear surface hairline cracking occurs, which allow water and corrosive materials to penetrate the concrete and attack steel reinforcement bar. The bridge deck waterproofing product can be divided into three main categories: sheets systems, liquid systems add mastic layer. In most cases the protective layer is asphalt layer. In Kosovo motorways was used sheets system. During the installation of the waterproofing system some defects were encountered such as: concrete surface irregularities and cracks, excessive quartz sand not removed, non-uniformly heated waterproofing membrane strips, etc. These defects have affected the adhesion between sheets and foundation layer. Prevention steps are: experienced workmanship, good supervision, and full compliance with the applicable standard during installation.

Lately, powerful earthquakes stroke some parts of the world, while the Balkan Peninsula was hit by moderate ones. During a powerful earthquake, a building structure is invaded by an enormous quantity of kinetic energy . As far as the manner is concerned, this energy it is initially absorbed, and thereafter distributed throughout building structure relying not only to the reaction of structure as a whole, or structural elements in particular, but the nature, the distribution and the quantity of the damages also. As Nikola Tesla once quoted:“If you want to find the secrets of universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration”. In order to be able to achieve some degree of control, in structural engineering, the frequency is the fundamental parameter one must begin with. Passive control is actively implemented in the developed countries, whereas intensive laboratory examinations are underway the last two decades in the domain of semi-active and active structural control as well. Among others this paper will also tackle issues related to: the seismic isolation, which represents in itself an issue of significant importance.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the structural investigations performed on the existing municipal building of Gjakova, intended to be refurbished as part of the Refurbishment project by the European Commission. The municipal building of Gjakova built in the end of 1960s is a reinforced concrete structure with bearing masonry walls which are scattered without any logical pattern. This structural system poses a great challange for the seismic assessment of this building. In order to obtain the confidence factors and the mechanical parameters for the appropriate numerical modeling, a series of structural investigations is carried out in detail. Initially a visual inspection is conducted, and a photographic survey is carried out with a detailed marking of each picture to visualize the building and plan the detailed inspection. The detailed plan is drafted in compliance with the gathered information and the existing documentation, so that maximal information concerned with the structure is acquired with the most minimal interferring. The detailed scrutiny is carried out in a series of frequent site visits and through the help of the measurement techniques a precise geometry is formed which supports the following phases. To obtain the correct mechanical parameters with very few damages to the structural elements a combination of destructive and non-destructive methods is utilized. Reinforced concrete core samples and reinforcement samples are drilled from the structural elements and combined with the rebound hammer measurements, a correlation is formed between these two. The reinforcement is located with the help of the profoscope and a discrepancy between the old drawings and the actual structure is noted. Afterwards, a spreadout testing utilizing the rebound hammer and the profoscope is carried out to achieve the required number of measurements. A compilation of all this information is utilized to assess the structural integrity of the structure and obtain the mechanical parameters. A qualitative measurement is performed for the structural arrangement of the elements and the regularity parameters are assessed as per the Eurocode 8 demands. With the data obtained from the measurements and the testing, reliable mechanical parameters and confidence factors are achieved to form a numerical model which represents appropriately the real building.

In this paper K-means clustering algorithm is applied in order to classify customers into several groups showing the similarity within a group is better than among groups. After determining the relevant client’s attributes in a SQL Server database, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) is applied in order to reduce the number of features, and after that, K-means algorithm is performed in MATLAB programming environment, using fixed number of clusters. Each centroid defines one of the clusters, while each data point is assigned to the nearest centroid, based on the squared Euclidean distance. In this research, centroids are randomly generated, while the separation distance between the resulting clusters is analyzed and illustrated using the Silhouette index. The analysis and results presented in this paper could determine a similarity in purchasing or using the services by a population cluster in one luxury goods company, to develop market segments, to identify repetitive behavior or trends in aiming to provide a full assessment of actions and to create some new customer loyalty campaigns.

This paper aims is to provide a clear panorama which leads to a better understanding of the axially loaded behaviour of hybrid rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns with different sections and amount area of longitudinal bars. This investigation is to compute the maximum axial load carrying capacity of FRP bar reinforced concrete columns under axial compression, the research is to find the contribution of the FRP longitudinal bars in concrete columns based on the ultimate tensile strength of FRP bars. This nonlinear finite element analytical research conducted three different sections 25/30, 25/40 and 25/50 cm with different amount area of steel and FRP bars.

Albania is one of the countries most prone to seismic oscillations in the Balkans (Aliaj, Sulstarova, Peci, Muco, 2004). Recent devastating earthquakes have shown that reinforced concrete buildings have suffered maximum damage and are responsible for the loss of life. Due to reasons such as design codes, non-appropriate seismic detailing and lack of experience in high-rise building construction, these types of structures are vulnerable to earthquakes. It is therefore important to evaluate the seismic performance of high-rise buildings in Albania. In Albania, as a country with high seismic hazard, it is very important the design and seismic evaluation of buildings. From the economic perspective, there are two options: repair or demolition. The opportunity to choose is given by the assessment of their actual condition. (Luca Guri, Lluka, , 2015) High-rise buildings during their lifetime are subject to dynamic loads continuously, caused by the wind, seismic oscillations, vibrations caused by machineries, etc. In some cases, under the action of strong earthquakes, structures undergo large displacements and may suffer significant structural damage, and even be destroyed. With the growth of population every year, more and more increases the role of high structures, and therefore the design of these structures should have a greater importance. In other words, the design of high-rise structures in seismic areas as Albania is a major challenge. The most dangerous consequence of the earthquake is the collapse of the building caused by large displacements of the structure. Therefore, the structure should have sufficient ductility which is imperative to limit the displacements, in this way and Force - Displacement effect will be smaller. This can be accomplished by placing to the structure elements that stiffener it, such as a shear walls or steel braces, or dumpers. The focus of this paper is to analyze the use of base isolators as a method to limit the displacement of the building and therefore to prevent the collapse of high-rise buildings in seismic regions. Base isolation technique was developed as an attempt to reduce the effects on buildings and their structural elements during seismic events, and is becoming one of the most effective methods for a wide range of problems of structures under the seismic action. In recent decades, based isolation has become one of the most accepted techniques for seismic protection of buildings. On the other hand, seismic isolation is widely regarded as an efficient method for problematic structures, which are characterized by specific seismic requirements. Seismic Isolation is also used in the rehabilitation of existing buildings and strengthening of weak structures. This paper focuses on the impact that base isolation and above ground isolation, systems have on the seismic response of the buildings.

Monitoring of environmental changes has become a necessity owing to the current deteriorations, which come as a result of both natural and human activities. Acquiring information concerning the spatial and dynamic changes for a rapit vegetation monitoring is not easy. Therefore the present study provides monitoring of the spatial vegetation changes using geospatial technologies such as Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS). In order to monitor and evaluate the spatial vegetation change, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) technique will be employed. The NDVI technique involves the use of remote sensed data in two time series, annually (2000 and 2018) extracted from Landsat satellites. The NDVI technique can be employed for monitoring vegetation cover and it’s values range from -1 (barren area of rock) to 1 (dense vegetation). The performed results in the study will be for 2000 and 2018 for a specific part of Mitrovica, Kosova. The has been carried out by making terrain visits. The outcomes of this study hasve revealed that the vegetation has been subject to a rapid change in the last years. Furthermore, the study will answer to the many questions for spatial and temporal vegetation changes in Mitrovica and its change ratio as well.

In our research we used two biotic indices based on macroinvertebrates, Biological monitoring Working Party (BMWP) and Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) to evaluate the water quality in river Mirusha in Kosovo. Samples of macro invertebrates were collected in three localities along the river with different anthropogenic impact. Parallel to biological sampling, the measurement of physical and chemical parameters of water was done. During our research 3217 macro invertebrate organisms were collected, belonging to 18 families and to 10 taxonomic groups. The most dominant group was Insecta, followed by Crustaceans and Annelidae worms. Water pollution affects the biodiversity of water environment, thus the species composition changes from natural to tolerant species against different pollutants. Based on the values of BMWP the water quality along its course varied and has shown an increase from the IV quality class in the first locality, to III class in the second sampling station in middle stream, and II class in locality three, downstream the river. ASPT scores qualify the water in the first and second locality in the II class, whereas in third locality water is of I class of quality. We concluded that the macroinvertebrate fauna in river Mirusha is not reach, due to some natural phenomena in the first sampling site, and pollution caused by anthropogenic activities in second and third localities.

Transport planning and land use modelling are two issues that need to be considered together. Urban dynamics comprise most of the aspects concerned with these two issues. There are many research efforts, studies, models and applications, technologies and management practices developed throughout the world with the aim to get urban dynamics more sustainable. However, many towns, cities, and regions have difficulties in managing urban dynamics. Economic activity locations, flows and concentrations of people and goods require adequate infrastructure support. Thereby ensuring effective infrastructure remains the big obstacle for urban planners and policy makers. This paper in general discusses important issues related to the sustainability concept of urban dynamics with the emphases on infrastructure to support TOD. The emphasis is given to the Transit Oriented Development (TOD), where four case studies of TOD implementation are evaluated. The qualitative literature-based research of current trends and case studies have been conducted. Accordingly, the exploratory research of the state-of-the art of the urban dynamics of cities in transition is conducted. The aim of the study is to develop an approach to promote the sustainability concept of transport planning and urban design in transition cities, with emphases on the city of Prishtina. The approach covers various modern urban planning concepts emphasising TOD concept and investigates the possibilities of TOD implementation in the transition city of Prishtina. The perceived results show how TOD concept can be implanted in mid-size cities delivering knowledge and best practices to decision makers and planners concerned with urban dynamics. Finally, the product of this research is presented as a guide to decision making at plan and program level in developing and transition countries, particularly for Kosovo.

The continuous improvements in the quality of concrete production is the goal of every manufacturer that aspires to remain in the market of construction materials production. Improving the production process is directly reflected in: lowering production costs, increasing profits and creating opportunities for affirming the competitiveness of the manufacturing company. Nowadays, numerous well-known companies around the world have found ways to improve the quality of their products by implementing DOE (design of experiments) planning. This paper will subtly scrutinize the layout of the experiment planning layout for composite (homogeneous mass) composite consisting of fractions of (0 ÷ 4) mm, (4 ÷ 8) mm and (8 ÷ 16) mm, to be expressed. by absorbing water from this homogeneous mass obtained at the experimentation stages. The results of experiments obtained on the basis of planning of 2k experiments with three factors, will serve to form the mathematical model that represents the influence and interaction of the factors (certain fractions of aggregates) participating in obtaining the homogenized mass of concrete expressed through water absorption. The results of experiments, depicted from the basis of planning of 2k experiments with three factors, will serve to form the mathematical model that represents the influence and interaction of the factors (certain fractions of aggregates) participating in obtaining the homogenized mass of concrete expressed through water absorption. All this experimentation procedure will be built on the basis of analysis of variance or ANOVA.

In the course of rapid developments in the field of science there has been enabled the application of software programs aiming to provide accurate and quick solutions. Application of Surfer program is of significant importance in the field of geotechnics. This program is primarily focused on gathering data from terrain and compilation of maps with coordinates X,Y,Z with grid network in 2D and 3D positions in order to estimate the volume of excavated mass. In addition it’s main function is to draw longitudinal and transversal profiles particularly in road infrastructure, filling of road basement, and digging of slopes in order to extract the materials required for construction of buildings as well as other works with regard to the field of engineering. Surfer program is widely implemented for statistical analysis of physio-mechanical parameters while carrying out drillings and extraction of samples required to do soil analysis in the respective location, where are expected to be build residential precints , dikes or tunnels.

Energy saving and aesthetical view are two fundamental requisites performances for constructions. Eco-friendly, or ecological construction, is building a structure that is beneficial or non-harmful to the environment and resource efficient. Being referred to as green building, this type of construction is efficient in its use of local and renewable materials, low energy required to build it, including the energy generated while being within it. Transparent concrete has the capability of letting light pass through it. Indeed it is produced by incorporating optical elements (optical fibres) into normal concrete. The main purpose is to use sunlight, to reduce the power consumption of enlightenment and to use the optical fibre to emphasize the stress of structures as well as using this concrete as an architectural purpose for good aesthetical view of the building. This paper contributes to provide of new alternatives for sustainable construction around the world, and why not in Kosovo.

The problem of acoustic pollution in the living environments and residential precints including urban areas and parts of the larger population, has been a worrisome issue.

Noise in traffic is considered as acoustic pollution at the same time very harmful to human nature and health. In many design situations, the acceptable road infrastructure performance is determined by different requirements, one of which is noise in settlements close to highways. The selection of the subject of the study, (namely Autostrada “Arbën Xhaferi”) is intended to provide the possibility of the recommendations of this study also in other areas with similar urban structure. The objectives of this study include:

• Noise Measurement Procedures (Detection of Measurement; • Input parameters in determining the noise rate; • Noise characteristics (road, speed and time of its spread; • Time of noise sources (day, peak hour, evening, night); • Impact of decisive factors in increasing traffic noise and protection from traffic.

The study is organized as follows:

There will be provided fully-fledged data, regarding the contemporary concerns about acoustic pollution. There has been carried out asubtle analysis of pollution impact on urban and rural areas from “Arbën Xhaferi” Motorway Route 6.

Detailed information on the classification of interventions for the reduction of acoustic pollution on the mentioned highway is presented (specifically in the segment C1, Babush- Ferizaj settlement)

• Monitoring in the selected highway area in the segment mentioned above. • Measures that needs to be taken to improve the acoustic condition in that area. • More efficiently technical engineering intervention - use of anti-noise barriers.

The waterproofing system of the bridge deck generally consist of a waterproofing layer plus a protective layer. The durability of bridges depends on the effectiveness of the bridge deck waterproofing system. Reinforced concrete is extremely durable structure material if properly constructed, however porosity will always occur and on the wear surface hairline cracking occurs, which allow water and corrosive materials to penetrate the concrete and attack steel reinforcement bar. The bridge deck waterproofing product can be divided into three main categories: sheets systems, liquid systems add mastic layer. In most cases the protective layer is asphalt layer. In Kosovo motorways was used sheets system. During the installation of the waterproofing system some defects were encountered such as: concrete surface irregularities and cracks, excessive quartz sand not removed, non-uniformly heated waterproofing membrane strips, etc. These defects have affected the adhesion between sheets and foundation layer. Prevention steps are: experienced workmanship, good supervision, and full compliance with the applicable standard during installation

The number of traffic accidents is increasing every day, so it is very necessary to research the factors and their elements that directly affect the cause of traffic accidents, where through preventive measures to take preventive measures of traffic accidents. In this work we have audited the elements of the conflict between the participants and their elements in road traffic and as a preventive measure the integration of safety elements of the participants in road traffic has been given.

This paper report the consistency, workability, setting time, shrinkage, high and ordinary compressive strength of concrete containing different percentage of fly ash as Portland cement substitution. The results show that the water requirement for keeping constant consistency in different mixes was increased lightly by increasing fly ash content while it effect to prolong initial and final setting time. Workability was increased by increasing fly ash content, measured by slump, but consequently it effect to decrease strength in both cases, ordinary and high strength of concrete. However, it must be noted that the objective of designing of ordinary and high strength concrete (C 25/30 and C 50/60) was achieved by 20% substituent of Portland cement. Meanwhile, the expansive property of fly ash contributed to reduce drying shrinkage. To develop this research, 12 different mix designs were prepared, starting with 10% fly ash content until 30% of cement replacement and in total more than 270 specimens underwent on testing procedures during different period of curing time.

This subject has a purpose the study and the production of concrete quality in compliance with the norms and standards of production. The longevity and sustainability of concrete structures is one of the main tasks in the field of construction. To produce high strength concrete with a required quality we must meet certain requirements such as:

The utilization of concrete constituent materials must be suitable for the production of concrete under environmental conditions of use. Producing the right recipe to obtain the required grade concrete, always meeting the criteria of EN 206-1: 2000, but also considering the costs to be as economical as possible. Also, cast in situ the concrete, the maintenance of the structure must meet to the maximum all requirements for conformity, quality and production of concrete. In this subject, concrete tests of concrete samples will be examined to derive a result of the compliance with the "Concrete Conformity Standard", at our sites in Kosovo. These analyszes were made in three different concrete manufacturers, for whom concrete samples were taken and the properties of wet concrete and hardened concrete properties, were examined by applying norms and standards for concrete production. Examinations of wet concrete properties have been carried out at the sites in Pristina, while the rest of the examination of the properties of hardened concrete has been carried out in the laboratory "IPE-PROING" in Pristina, which is certified by the General Directorate of Accreditation of Kosovo (DAK). These examinations were done after 28 days of laboratory maintenance.All stages of study and examination are based on Kosovo Standards SK EN 206-1: 2007, which are adapted to European Standards EN 206-1: 2000.Hope to have carried out a detailed study in the field of concrete production in our country.

Pavements Many water utilities operate their pipe networks as an open system where water is fed from more than one Water Treatment Plant (WTP) into an inter-connected pipe network. Generally, NRW management in an open system is undertaken in a passive manner where NRW reduction activities are initiated only when the loss becomes visible or is reported. A more effective approach is to move towards Active NRW Management where dedicated teams are established and sent out to look for water losses or other causes of NRW such as reservoir overflows, in main pipes, distribution networks up to the customer, inaccurate meter reading, and illegal connections. Active NRW Management is more cost effective when using zones to measure the NRW, where the system as a whole is divided into a series of smaller sub-systems for which NRW can be calculated individually. These smaller sub-systems, often referred to as District Meter Areas (DMAs) should be hydraulically isolated so that dedicated team would be able to calculate the volume of water lost within the DMA. When a supply system is divided into smaller more manageable areas, the utility can better target NRW reduction activities, isolate water quality problems, and better manage overall system pressure to allow for 24/7 water supply throughout the network. These include the analysis of minimum night time flows (MNFs) into District Metered Areas (DMAs), as well as the results of active leakage control surveys carried out in District Metered Areas. The author seek to emphasize that from his professional experience at Prishtina Regional Water Utility, the issue regarding NWR, in most of the Water companies in Kosovo and or in Albania, should focus on one of aggressive, system-wide metering from sources, to production and storage reservoir meters, through district metering areas, and finally to customer meters. Therefore, this paper will contain network zoning and design of DMA, active control of leakages, and achieved results in water loss reduction in metered areas. The findings, and interpretations, expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author.

Population growth and urbanization alongside industrial development is accompanied with an increase in generated waste. It is estimated that the world will see an increase five times the current waste volume up to 2025. Directly or indirectly, waste is a negative impact on the environment, health and ecosystem as well as being a burden to humankind. Currently, the amount of generated waste from anthropogenic activity is rising continuously. This is a result of the increasing number of population (the more we are, the more waste we produce), intensive industrial development and the ever increasing, use of plastic, paper and glass packaging. A large quantity of waste is also the result of energy production and natural resources that humans consume. The strategy for waste management in the Republic of Kosovo is based on general waste management principles in the European Union (EU) and it is a framework to implementing better practices in waste management. Based on Kosovo’s capacities, it is very necessary to review the waste management strategy and to prioritize awareness campaigns targeted to informing the population regarding the damage and illnesses they may cause, both to the environment and human health. Kosovo has a lack of proper management and adequate landfills and treatment plants for such waste, which is why they cause severe health and environmental issues.

This master thesis deals with an extended investigation of the

Hinterbetoniervorganges of thin-walled steel liner constructions, which have a very large diameter. This advanced investigation and calculations are used to lay the foundations for ultimately optimizing the structural conditions of these steel liner constructions when the concrete bedding is taken into account. As a continuation to the employees Examinations in the master thesis of Dipl.-Ing. Christoph Ott became another Variant analyzed. In contrast to variant 5, which illuminates in detail in the MA-Ott. In the present study, two very similar variants, which have a longitudinal support distance of 3 m, are examined in more detail. It will be all relevant, Results in the pipe, cutting forces, observed deformations and stresses in the pipe

Beulring and if relevant issued in the pipe shell and compared with previous results. In addition, in this master's thesis, the post-casting was applied remaining deformations of the steel tube in terms of tolerance in the form of ovality and out-of-roundness. The SCIA-Engineer program was chosen to carry out the examinations or calculations. With the Stabstatik program RuckZuck a replacement model was created, which provides information about the dismantling of stress peaks at the support points. Further to the radial deformations in The pipe shell was also the longitudinal deformations (warping) evaluated. With the Microsoft Excel program processed the results into charts.

Heavy metals are very stable and are permanent contaminants of the environment and can accumulate in the food chain causing adverse effects on human health and the aquatic ecosystem disturbing the food. Geochemical study of heavy metals like Cu, Pb, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cd could provide a hydro geochemical framework for assessing the sources and mechanism of metal input, enrichment and distribution in sediments. The aim of the current work was to determined heavy metals by using XRF technique and to present the spatial distribution maps of heavy metals in sediment (fraction 63 µm) of 50 water sources in north part of the Dukagjini basin. Spatial distribution maps were created and recorded, in terms of these heavy metals concentrations as contribution to heavy metal pollution in sediments through Geographical Information Systems techniques. By comparing the concentrations of heavy metals with the existing criteria for sediment quality, was found out that these exceeded concentrations, of some heavy metals in those areas, were directly impacted from geological constitution of rocks: clastic, alluvium, proluvium, glacigene, calc tufa/travertine and lake sediments

The growth, (without) urban planning, especially in developing countries such as Kosovo, implies a large spatial extent of housing areas, in this context housing buildings too. The problem of interrelation between buildings structure and its functionality is an actual issue, owing to the fact, that those two elements mostly interface each- other in relation with quality of building and its economization. In this context, research it is worth posing the following questions:

1. How much does effect the structural model to the rationale selection of functionality for housing building?
2. How to be treated functional selection in relation with construction stability of the building?
3. Why do structures and buildings functionality, have a strong impact on the building economization?

Indeed giving well-argumented answers relying on scientific grounds, is the basis of providing a sustainable design and construction with integrated approach to the housing buildings, ensuring continual application of: policies, laws, norms and standards. To be achieved this, is needed a coordinated involvement of different stakeholders in the process: institutions, community and investors!

The aim of this paper is to reveal the hydrographic features and hydrogeological characteristics of the Blinajë catchment, which represents an important water basin for the water supply of the inhabitants living in this area. Fieldwork, analytical, and observational methods were used during the research. This basin has an area of 31.19 km2 with a relatively developed hydrographic network. It has a stretching direction from west to east. The western part is expanded and represented by hilly-mountainous terrain, while the middle and lower part of the basin is characterized by flat terrain. The air temperatures range from 0 to 23.4°C, with average annual precipitation being 660mm. The Blinaja River forms a stream in the Blinaja mountains and its upstream passes through the Paleozoic formations, while the lower part mainly cuts the Quartetnar formations. It has an asymmetry coefficient of 0.21 and menandering coefficient1.19. Water flows from the tens of cubic meters in the spring to several liters per second during the summer. The water regime depends on the rainfall. As far as the hydrogeological approach is concerned there may be distinguished: alluvial aquifer, crack and aquifer aquifer and limited aquifers. The water springs come into contact between the non-aqueous and aqueous formations. The water capacity in them varies from 0.25 to 7 l/s. The depth of the excavated wells and drilling wells varies from 3 to 60 m, while the static groundwater level varies from 0.50 to 20 m.

Coal is the most important natural resource for generating electricity in about 40% of power plants worldwide, and this demand for energy is quite high. Lignite dominates the economy of the our country because it meets more than 98% of energy needs, a financial cost that is about 20% lower than other types of coal. In this study, it will mainly address the study of the chemical properties of wastewater obtained from domestic thermal power plants, for the purpose of analyzing the treatment methods of phenolic wastewater obtained after drying lignite. In addition, proposals will be made for phenol treatment methods in industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater is a type of wastewater generated in the process of industrial production. Wastewater from drying and processing of coal contains high concentrations of phenolic pollutants.

The main task of personnel in the maintenance function is to ensure maximum availability of a productive unit with the least possible cost, which leads to a cost-effective product. Resources maintenance functions consist of three elements: human resources, equipment and material. The efficiency function is determined by the way the staff can coordinate with the other two resources. In this paper we analysed the tasks of personnel in the maintenance of function, structure formation and training of personnel, and a description of how it works today in a KEK company. The fully-fledged analysis done in this paper may serve to provide a critical overview of its own maintenance function, as well as to improve them.

Complicated road traffic problems that over the years have failed to be addressed and managed at the right level, adding to the lack of a culture of road traffic, have caused a large number of accidents. Failure to properly manage these problems in the road traffic that came up especially during the period of overcrowding of urban settlements has occurred at the same time by increasing the use of private vehicles. Overall, the problems and causes of accidents within urban settlements can be defined by overcrowding. The lack of any alternative to urban public transport resulted in increasing the use of private vehicles, increasing the number of vehicles in road traffic haven't faced properly the road network by worsening road conditions and road infrastructure, narrow streets and lack of parking spaces have caused worsening even the pedestrian movement. Adding to this situation is the lack of culture of road traffic participants, the number of accidents within urban areas has consistently remained high. The factors and causes of the increase in the number of accidents are different but of course the human factor is more frequent and as such remains the main target for treatment. This paper analyzes concrete cases of accidents that occurred within the urban area of Prizren, identifies the causes of accidents and focuses on reducing these accidents by raising participants' awareness and raising the culture of road traffic.

The paper aims to provide an overview and in-depth analysis concerning the main sources of pollution of Sitnica River in the section from its springs to discharge into Ibër River. All the existing emitters discharging into the river and its tributaries are analyzed and ranked according to their impact on the river body in terms of pollution load. The main source of pollution appears to be the untreated domestic and industrial wastewater, as the pressure increases with the increasing of population living in the river basin. Different wastewater management approaches (centralized and decentralized) are proposed for the most significant emitters in order to mitigate the anthropogenic impact on the river water quality.

In year 2017 in Kosovo, there have been 334,440 registered vehicles as this number of vehicles is growing in Kosovo, considering that the average lifetime of a tire is 3-4 years, the waste tire rubber becomes a major environmental concern. Some waste tires are retreated, some of them are incorporated in alternative uses such as for resource, energy and other reasons, the majority added to stockpiles, landfills or illegal dumps and are considered scrap. Unfortunately, in Kosovo still some areas are burning tires in the production of lime by the method of small craft kilns releasing into the environment various pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, dust and soot which are very dangerous for human health. Therefore, tire recycling in the Republic of Kosovo is an immediate need. In an effort to clean up old stockpiles of used tires, the Institutions, Agencies and or NGO’s should evaluate and promote the recycling of discarded tires to modify asphalt mixtures and use it in roads construction. There is a lack of dissemination of information regarding properties and performance of these surfacing alternatives, why rubber modified asphalt mixes have not achieved widespread use in our country. The performance of reclaimed rubberized asphalt pavement and the environmental impact thereof is the focus of this study.

Pavements in the roads and bridges are exposed in different exposure conditions due to different countries, which relies on in their climatic zones related with comprised of exposure classes known as XC to XA etc. In the area of Balkans especially in the region around Kosovo one of the biggest problem is the exposure in freeze/thaw of all construction exposed to open air there are problems and deterioration of the concrete structures. There has been profoundly analyzed the self-healing capacity of concrete in different other environmental conditioning but in this case a particular emphasis on freeze/thaw cycle has been performed. Freeze/thaw cycles experience in concrete is needed not just in Kosovo but in mos of the balcanian are and some other European countries. This study will give other informations about the mechanism of self-healing and parallel with it would be explained the degradation phenomena of concrete in this particular environment enricheang the national annexes of eurocodes.

The process of treating urban wastewater in Kosovo is at an early stage and the construction of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for cities with larger population is expected to be completed in the next five years which represents about 40% of the wastewater discharged into Kosovo's rivers. Along with the construction of WWTP, a challenge that is being considered is the treatment of the sludge that will be produced from such treatment plants. Sludge is the primary component generated from the treatment process. Inadequate management and treatment of sewerage can pose serious threats to the environment. Contrary to that, a proper management of the treatment process is essential in ensuring environmental protection and may also generate revenue. There are different approaches around the world for the sludge usage. The most applicable options for use are: Agriculture, Compost and Construction, Landfill and Incineration. According to statistics agency Eurostat, in 2015, most of European countries applied sludge in agriculture, but there is also a tendency to move to other options such as incineration. The application of sludge in agriculture requires rigorous conditions therefore, other options like incineration are becoming increasingly likely. Kosovo in the next five years is expected to produce about 2700 t/month sludge weight after dewatering and storage (DS 30%) for approximately 600.000 inhabitants. Application in agricultural is being considered as an option (Gjakova and Peja), however, the results of soil analysis indicate that in many areas such application is limited or not possible. According to these results there is an indication of where the sludge can be used in Kosovo and the construction of an incinerator should be considered as one other option, which would treat the part of the sludge that cannot be used in agriculture ore landfill.

Construction Infrastructure plays a key role in human life especially in society as a whole. Objects have are of significant importance by having a lucid and straightforward effect on social and economical sphere. Besides that it has also a crucial role in our lifestyle regarding health, education, economy, environment, politics and society as a whole. Due to the rapid technological developments the quality of maintaining a school poses a great challenge in the whole world. This study aims to identify different types of structural defects which appear at a large scale in schools of Kosovo. The gathered data have been depicted by making use of questionnaires, interviews and relying on basic konowledge concerning structural defects in buildings. Indeed after carrying out a subtle scrutiny of those data, it has been concluded about the comprehensive conditions of these objects and structural intergrity. Owing to the fact that the territory of Kosovo is seismic at a large extent, it is neccesary to avoid those structural defects by carrying out maintenance on regular baisis. In cases of when these defects are overlooked, this may lead to serious damages and loss of the minimal standards.

Urban land use plan is a spatial planning document that defines how certain an urban land area will be developed in the future. In other words, it determines whether a certain land parcel is going to be used for building public infrastructure, public parks, the areas for public facilities, residential or commercial uses etc. One such document in Kosovo's current spatial planning legislation is the Urban Regulatory Plan (URP) which sets out in detail the manner of land use in the area covered by the plan. A rational use of land often requires changes in land structure that can be made only if adequate urban development instruments and methods are adapted to suit the socio-economic conditions of the country, its government and the land tenure system. These instruments must have adequate legal support that is often needed to break the barriers that are imposed by individual landowners' interests supported by advanced private property rights. This paper aims to highlight the importance of the link between the land use planning, land structure and instruments or methods applied to urban land development in Kosovo. In order to emphasize the importance of links between these elements to urban planning process in Kosovo there have been taken examples of Urban Regulatory Plans in various municipalities of Kosovo. These urban plans have been analyzed in various aspects such as the approval procedures, the legal support and the instruments used to implement them. Furthermore, there was developed a questionnaire with urban planners in the 7 main municipalities of Kosovo. The purpose of this questionnaire was to obtain their opinion on the state of implementation of urban plans and the needs for changes in the urban planning and management system in Kosovo that would help more efficient implementation of urban plans. Results from the study show that there is a strong connection between these three components. In other words, in order to use the land rationally, it is important to choose the instruments and methods for adapting the land structure to the land use plan. This is especially important in cases where the land is very fragmented and where the property rights represent a barrier to plan implementation as it is the case in Kosovo.

In this article will be generally explained the problems caused by the urbanization process, regarding to the impermeable area increase and the rapid growth of the runoff in urban areas; the impact and the consequences of the extreme events rainfall with high intensities, and the alternative solutions to drain or to stop the peak flow of runoff with higher values than the capacity of the existing pipes. In the article with also be explained the cause, factors and the consequences in the underground water table in the urban area. The impact of urbanization process in the rapid growth of water flow runoff and the management of these waters with alternative solution (localized locations) without performing other works to increase the long existing systems pipes. In this article will also be represented a hydraulic model of a stromwater system, stressing the problems due to urbanization process, and due to climate changes (extreme events frequency, rainfall intensities of this events, etc). Both main factors, such as impermeable surface increase and the rainfall intensities will be discussed.

Stability and security are the foundation for a community's development and are prerequisites for a country to achieve prosperity. Technological development and modernization that has taken place in the last decades of the 20th century, besides the positive effects, has also brought a number of negative effects which are related to the quality of work and the working environment. This development carries the possibility of unforeseen events that can occur in any institution and company during the operation, realization and control of work, which then have a direct or indirect impact on the achievement of expected results. Therefore, these events become a daily issue of strategic management, development, study, organization and action taking. A basic prerequisite for preventing potential harm is knowing the risks, the causes of their occurrence, and the consequences they cause. This is achieved through the application of methods that are nowadays dependent on the legal regulation of countries. Risk assessment has become a key tool for safety management and health in work environment. It is a procedure that determines the level of risk associated with work injuries, diseases, work-related illnesses and work-related disorders that can cause adverse effects on the health and safety of employees. Risk assessment methods, taking into account the data used, can be quantitative, qualitative and combined. They are divided into methods for estimating probability and methods for estimating consequences. This paper aims to highlight the methods of risk assessment and the particular emphasis is to the method in Kosovo. The choice of risk assessment method depends on the feasibility of the method, the complexity of the process, the degree of organization and size of experience related to the process, the degree of problem uncertainty, the quality of the information available, the resources necessary for conducting risk analysis and evaluation, depth of analysis and so on.

During the inspection of various construction structures such as: school buildings, houses, multi-storey buildings, etc. of different structural systems after the Durrës earthquake of 26.11.2019, various damages were observed in structural and non-structural elements. Damages were of various natures such as: defects during the implementation of structures, defects in the quality of materials, construction of additional floors on existing ones, use of structures with poor ductility such as massive masonry systems, negligence of supervision or construction without supervision, etc. In reinforced concrete structures, damage to the ground floor columns (mainly in plastic hinge regions), damage to the protective layers of the reinforcement and the presence of corrosion in the reinforcement, collapse of the masonry fillings, etc.; in massive masonry structures, diagonal cracks in the walls, partition in the corners at the connections between the walls, and at the connection of the wall with the ceiling tile have been observed. Some of the retrofit and repair methods that can be used to strengthen existing structures are: reinforced concrete jacketing, steel confinement, FRP wraps, FRP rebars, etc.

The paper presents the design optimization of the steel building. The structure consists of the main portal frames, which are mutually connected with the purlins. It is proposed that all structural elements are constructed from standard hot rolled IPE sections. The structural optimization is calculated by the mixed-integer non-linear programming approach, MINLP. The dimensioning of steel members is carried out in accordance with the design specifications of Eurocode 3. The Modified Outer-Approximation/Equality-Relaxation (OA/ER) algorithm, a three-phase MINLP strategy and a special prescreening procedure of discrete alternatives are used for the optimization. In addition to the optimal structural mass, the optimal cross-section sizes of the structural elements, the optimal intermediate distances between the steel frames and the optimal intermediate distances between the purlins and rails were determined. An example of structural optimization is presented at the end of the paper.

This paper presents the design upgrade of the roof structure for a sports hall which consists of coupled glulam beams with steel substructure. The initial design has foreseen main glulam beams which are coupled with steel trusses and strengthened with rigid steel bars over the entire length. Due to some construction issues and design misinterpretation, the as-built structure did not follow completely the design and reinforcement rebars have been used instead of steel bars intended to be acting as steel ties. A design upgrade was required to preserve the main structure of the roof established with glulam beams, purlins and all the necessary layers to create a flat roof deck for students’ access. The main challenge of the new design was to preserve the glulam beams and the initial architecture for the roof structure while ensuring safety for both the ultimate and serviceability loading cases. Initially, four proposals are provided with different solutions and among them only two are chosen for the further assessment based on safety, cost estimation, feasibility and ease of implementation in order to avoid problems on site. One of the proposals consists of steel cables anchored at both ends and deviated on each steel truss and the other proposal consists of stainless-steel rods connected at each intersection with the steel trusses. After careful and detailed assessment of the two proposals, the second proposal consisting of steel rods was chosen as the most appropriate one in terms of safety, cost, feasibility and ease for construction. Additional assessment, detailing, specifications and test procedure, are given to ensure an effective structural solution for a practical problem on an existing structure.

Lateral behavior of RC Buildings is a great importance when it is in question the earthquake happening, so in this paper are presented the differences between buildings which have slabs without beams compared with those that in their slabs have included beams. Analysis is done for low and middle rise building, because these buildings are predominant in our region. The reason why we have analyzed here the lateral behavior of such cases is due to the fact that nowadays around us are used so many building using slabs without beams because they represent a flexible solution in functional organizing the internal area in the aspect of architectural requirements. Analysis is done for some typical cases just to present the differences in the aspect of lateral behavior and important parameters such are: inter-story drifts, top displacements and some other similar parameters when is in question the lateral displacements.

Slit Damper devices (SDs) have been increasingly studied in last years for they implementation in building constructions to enhance the seismic resistance of structures. SDs are designed as yielding fuses that dissipate energy through large inelastic deformations, while the rest of the structure remains mainly elastic. They are mainly implemented in structural connections at pre-identified locations along the structure and should be able to sustain as much hysteretic cycles as possible before material collapse or fatigue failure in order to prevent local collapses and consequent loss of dissipative capacity. In this paper, finite element (FE) detailed models of single SD devices are presented and analysed under experimental testing-like pseudo-static load protocols by the commercial FE code ABAQUS®. The FE analyses of a variety of SDs in steel which varies each other in shape (hourglass-like shaped) and thickness in order to investigate hysteretic dissipation performances for the preliminary planning of a set of experimental tests. On the basis of the indications provided by the FE analyses, a subsequent experimental campaign is carried out to investigate the low-cycle fatigue damage for the proposed SDs. The SDs was designed for excellent fatigue performance, since the low-cycle fatigue characteristics of the steel SD can be efficiently defined by the Manson-Coffin relationship. These enhanced analyses provided good predictions of the onset of failure in full-scale steel castings across various specimen sizes and loading histories. Finally, it may be said that the newly proposed model can predict well the residual plastic displacements and the remaining life of the damper damaged after an earthquake.

The industrial development in Albania arrived late. On the eve of independence, back in the early 1900s, the country was essentially an agricultural economy. The industrialization of the country span a period of almost 150 years starting from the earlier industrial traces to the end of the communist era. The industry helped to form the country's modern image, awareness, and understanding about the role of industrialization; and monuments that it left behind and the communities it has managed to build, and created opportunities to better known themselves/ourselves. (Luca, 2017) This paper is focused on the Industrial Archeology of the City of Gjirokastra, seen from a structural perspective. The historic town of Gjirokastra, is dominated by 13-th century castle which is located in a commanding position high on a ridge that overlooks the Drino valley. In 2005, the castle and historical parts of the city were registered by UNESCO as “World Heritage Center”. The 'New Town' of Gjirokastra was built mainly under the socialist rule by mid-20th century. Gjirokastra plays a major role in the Albanian industrial heritages. Because of the process of industrialization throughout the country and in Gjirokastra in particular, the socio-economic development and the population growth, dictated the initiation and development of industrial production. This paper is focused in the structural assessment of former industrial settlements in an historic city.

Considering the rapid development of the flat slab system, utilizing space and facilitating faster construction, investors’ demand for aesthetics and economic advantages, this research has been done regarding the treatment of methods and analysis as well as the dimensioning of flat slabs in relation to the Eurocode 2 standard. In many analyses and scientific publications where these systems have been addressed, it has been proven that this form of flat slabs construction is earthquake sensitive if it is not designed properly. More than a century so far, flat slabs are still active areas of research to enhance bearing capacity quality and better design procedure. Seeing that the use of flat slab has begun widely used, the purpose of this paper is to analyse and address the functionality of use, methods and analysis based on the Eurocode 2 standard (Design of concrete structures: EN 1992-1-1:2004 / A1:2071, IDT). The treated methods are: Equivalent Frame Method (Strip Method) and Finite Element Method. The comparison of the calculation method through the numerical example is analysed and presented, the results of the two methods are compared, and finally the results are commented and conclusions are given about the advantages and disadvantages of this system.

The paper discusses the mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) approach to the optimization of structures. The MINLP is an optimization technique which is able to solve non-linear and discrete optimization problems. It calculates continuous variables (loads, dimensions, stresses, deflections, costs) and discrete variables (topology, standard sections, material grades). The MINLP optimization model of a structure should be developed. In the model, an objective function is subjected to structural analysis and dimensioning constraints in order to satisfied ultimate and serviceability limit states according to Eurocodes. Appropriate MINLP algorithms and strategies are used to solve the defined MINLP problem. Two numerical examples are presented at the end of the paper.

Lately, powerful earthquakes stroke some parts of the world, while the Balkan peninsula was hit by moderate ones. During a powerful earthquake, a building structure is invaded by an enormous quantity of kinetic energy . From the manner this energy is, first absorbed, then dissipated throughout building structure depends, not only the reaction of structure as a whole, or structural elements in particular, but the nature, the distribution and the quantity of the damages also. As Nikola Tesla once quoted: “If you want to find the secrets of universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration”. In order to be able to achieve some degree of control, in structural engineering, the frequency is the fundamental parameter one must begin with. Passive control is actively implemented in the developed countries, whereas intensive laboratory examinations are underway the last two decades in the domain of semi-active and active structural control as well. This Paper deals with one of such: the seismic isolation. It represents a modest temptation in this direction. In the first 2019 conference paper, static case has been treated, whereas this paper treats the more general case – the dynamic response of a SDOF simple system.

This material describes the concept of control and conformity assessment of concrete based on the SK EN 206: 2013 standard. Among the basic requirements for concrete is the control and conformity assessment of compressive strength of concrete, as one of the main characteristics of hardened concrete. Given the fact that the control of concrete conformity is a topic that has never been addressed in our country and as a result we do not have the necessary information on the quality level of concrete on which these concrete structures are built, then we decided to further research such a topic. We also note that the conformity assessment of concrete is necessary due to the management of the required quality level and its maintenance at the same level and secondly it is a legal obligation to meet and guarantee the overall quality of the built structure. This study was carried out at the concrete production plant of the company "Bechtel ENKA" during the construction of the bridge at length of: L = 5800 m "as part of the highway ” Arbën Xhaferi “ Since for the realization of the bridge in question, for different elements of the bridge there were different classes of concrete, we mainly used the data of the results of compressive strength in fc, cube for concretes of classes C25/30 and C 30/37. The results obtained for each element of the bridge are presented in tabular form, at the same time using the statistical control cards of the process these data are also presented graphically. It should be noted that the results of the tests taken in the analysis belong to the quality control of concrete for the period 2017-2018.In order to achieve the intended results, parts of this topic are also some chapters which are described as follows: • Conformity control and conformity criteria • Factory production control system • Sampling plan • Analysis of the results reviewed • Discussion of results • Customer risk assessment and supplier risk.

Density in situ and deformation modulus are two of the most common tests applied to control parameters of soil and layers during the construction of transportation lines. Given that the deformation modulus test is performed for a relatively short time then it is very important to find the correlation between these two tests for each type of soil or layer in order to know the approximate value of density in situ immediately. In this paper we have presented statistical data from field tests and comparative values that have been obtained.

This paper presents mechanical properties of ordinary and high performance concrete that contain different percentage of Kosovo and Japanese fly ash (FA). Ordinary and high performance concrete contains FA as a replacement of cement in different percentage, and all mix design went under examination. For comparison, a control concrete mixture without FA content was also produced. The fresh properties of ordinary and high performance concrete were observed through slump test and the hardened properties including compressive up to 350 respectively 625 days and drying shrinkage. Test results confirm that it is possible to produce ordinary and high performance concrete with 30% of cement replacement and it is expected results to increase values by time. The use of FA in ordinary and high performance of concrete not only improved the workability but also made it possible to produce quality of concrete C25/30 and C 50/60 at 56 respectively 100 days, while in some cases exceeds the expected compressive strength for ordinary and high performance concrete. To develop this research, 24 different mix designs went under the testing procedures and all examination took place in concrete laboratory in Kosovo and Japan.

Many associations of engineers around the world have worked to develop rules in an effort to regulate the ethical practice of the engineer’s profession. These rules are usually referred as Code of Ethics for Engineers and tries to explain how an engineer must practice his work with professional ethics. The purpose of this paper is to show, in informative form, how this field has developed around the world and to emphasize the importance of implementing these rules during the practice of the profession of engineer.

This master thesis describes the concept of seismic isolation, and its effect on the behavior of reinforced concrete structures under the influence of seismic action. The purpose of using seismic isolation is to consume some of the energy introduced and reduce the demand for energy dissipation within structural elements. The study of this phenomenon was done by addressing its basic purpose and methods of analysis. To present the effectiveness of base isolation on controlling deformations in reinforced concrete structures, a typical multi-story structure is modeled with and without seismic isolation, analyzing their dynamic behavior with computer simulations. The obtained results are presented graphically and tabularly, including the respective displacements, pseudo-relative accelerations and relative inter-story drifts for both, as well as the rotational moments presented in all plastic hinges and their comparison between the two models together with EC-8 requirements.

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials. Compressive strength is one of the most important properties of hardened concrete. Different codes use different standards to define the characteristic strength. Albania nowadays is adapting the EN standards, but previously it used to apply the local code KTP. According to KTP standards the concrete samples were cubic specimens of 200mm side length. This study is an attempt to analyse the relation between sample size and compressive strength values of concrete specimens. For this purpose, 4 concrete classes of C8/10, C16/20, C20/25, C30/37 and 5 different cubic sizes of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250mm side length were investigated. The samples were taken according to EN 206-1. Six samples were tested for the determination of the compressive strength value of each class/size combination. According to the compressive strength test results the values increase as the size increases up to 150mm, but as the cube size continues to increase the compressive strength values decrease gradually.

The occurrence of segregations in the monolithic reinforced concrete elements is a very common case in the everyday practice of construction works. Through this paper we have made an effort to present our experiences related to this issue by addressing our attempt to eliminate the occurrence of segregations in concrete from two aspects: 1) by obtaining technical measures to reduce or eliminate the possibility of segregation occurrence and 2) by assuming proper geometry of the elements of structures. The measures we have taken have mainly been quite successful and have greatly influenced the performance of reinforced concrete elements. The paper also contains some methods applied for the treatment of segregations.

This paper shows some selected problems related to both modelling and the simulation of hydraulic systems, by making use of MATLAB-Simulink package. The author intention is to underline the advantages of this programme offers in performing the functional tests of the complex hydraulic systems. In this purpose there have been considered the basic mathematical models of certain selected elements and phenomena occurring in hydraulic systems. The models are shown as block diagrams adapted to the package requirements. Afterwards, taking as example a complex hydraulic system - that is a hydraulic transmission - there has been illustrated the use of the models and elementary diagrams in simulation tests.

The environmental problems of lakes and rivers are the result of pollution from human activity, whether from productive activity, or from pollution from wastewater discharges. The main objective of the paper is to monitor the physico-chemical parameters of the water in order to make a hydrological water balance for the Lepenc river basin and to understand the risk that threatens the people of the area to be left without drinking water. By treating them together in all river basins, sub-basins, catchments, as well as at the most detailed level where necessary with individual "water bodies". This paper also aims to: understand the key issues in sub-basins and catchments and how they interact with each other; understand how these issues affect current local benefits and future water uses; involve local people, communities, organizations and businesses in decision-making, exchanging evidence and opinions; find answers to which issues to address as a priority, identify cost implications, and propose how these issues can be funded; we support a simple statement of options to the catchment plan, to protect and improve individual water bodies, catchments, and ultimately, the entire river basin, for the benefit of all.

In our country water resources are limited. The country's water resources must be used in the form of integrated management, where careful use and protection from pollution must be done. The construction of any hydro technical facility for water use must be analyzed very carefully and to achieve maximum results in meeting the requirements of those interested in water and to have the highest possible security of meeting the requirements with water. Water used for municipal needs as well as their use in the economy must be cleaned before being released to the recipient. This preserves water resources for prudent use as well as protecting the environment from pollution.

The condition of the water supply and the actual functioning of the distribution network in Durres area are inadequate to sustain demand at an acceptable level of service for all the billing zones.The distribution network of Durres city is fed at one point (Xhafzotaj junction) for 300-350 l/s with an elevation of about 50 m asl. The planned new transmission line has a diameter of 700 mm and will bring extra 630 l/s.The water distribution systems are one of the vital urban infrastructures and their operationwith a high level of service are of high importance.Many phenomena in water supply systems such as leakage, breakage of pipes etc. are afunction of pressure. When pressure dependency of demand is considered in the hydraulicanalysis, the results thereof shall be consistent with reality.This article presents the new design methodology for a good optimization of the distribution network. The distribution network has been reconstructed as a ring network. It is planned to build 6 DMA’as (District Metered Area) to control the flow, pressure and consumption in DMA to build the Water Balance.

Wastewater by households but also by industries are considered as the main pollutants of surface and groundwater in Kosovo. In order to improve the environment, Kosovo has entered into a dynamic process of treatment of municipal wastewater from urban areas. Wastewater treatment plant for cities of Prizren, Gjakova and Peja are under construction. Cities such as Prishtina, Gjilan, Mitrovica, and Podujeva are also in the initial process. In order for a better management of the water that will go to the treatment system, an inspection of the sewerage network is necessary. The methodology selected for inspection in the cities of Prizren, Gjakova and Peja includes the cleaning following by the inspection of the condition of the pipes with CCTV. Also inspections with smoke and dye test were mainly for finding of the wrong connections in the sewerage network from stormwater pipe. High resolution cameras are used to inspect pipes made of various materials such as Ceramics, Concrete ,Asbestos Cement and HDPE with diameters from 150 to 1000 mm. For each of the three cities, approximately 20 km were inspected with CCTV and equally with smoke and dye test. Inspection results indicate a poor condition of sewer pipes. From filling with sediments, in some cases even over 70% of the diameter to numerous defects in the connection between the pipes causing also the penetration of groundwater into the network. Pipes from ceramic material are considered to be in a very poor condition in Gjakova while in Prizren sediment deposition is very high in many areas. Also, direct connections to the sewerage pipes are present in large numbers in Peja and Prizren, while less in Gjakova. Inspection also indicate a poor installation in the construction phase, which is also expressed in pipes that are not very old. The results of the investigations show that immediate steps must be taken to improve the operation of the sewerage system. This includes a general cleaning of the sewer pipes, a planned maintenance system with a plan for cleaning yearly. It is also necessary to make a hydraulic analysis of the whole system and replace certain segments of sewer pipes. Disconnection of stormwater that is connected to the sewerage network must be done and correction of wrong connections and direct connections to pipes. These activities are necessary to be done in the sewerage network because there is a risk that wastewater treatment plants will not be able to treat wastewater according to the defined criteria of the technological process.

This paper addresses the problem of optimal pressure management in water distribution systems through the introduction and regulation of pressure reducing valves. Pressure management is one of the fundamental elements of a good flow management strategy development. The flow rate in water distribution networks is a function of pressure applied by pumps or by gravity. There is a physical relationship between flow rate and pressure, and there is also evidence that the frequency of new cracks is a function of pressure: System pressure management is an effective method to control leaks. This is usually achieved by dividing a large system into a small number of sections, i.e. the District Metering Area (DMA). The flow in DMA is monitored by installing bulk water meters at the inlet as well as at the borders, while the pressure is controlled with PRV. Water loss control is practiced by water utilities and end users using the DMA methodology. To understand the role played by both parties it is important to understand the responsibility for water loss.

Recent years Kosovo’s municipalities suffer from water shortages due to hydrological drought and the misuse of water resources. The situation has worsened in the last ten years due to the occurrence of extremely dry periods and poor rainfall. Reservoirs are a source of water for major towns, but in rural areas only 61% of houses connect to public supply systems, supplemented by wells or springs. Water quality of Kosovo’s rivers suffers from lack of residential and industrial wastewater treatment and poor riverbed maintenance, further limiting the availability of water for drinking supply and irrigation. The Ibër-Lepenc system was designed to supply industry, water companies and agriculture with bulk water for North, most of Central and East of Kosova as well as produce power from the Power Plant. The detailed project was prepared in the 1970s and consisted of two sub-systems; Ibër and Lepenc. The Ibër system was implemented in the 1980s and is in operation for more than 35 years, while the Lepenc system was never implemented. Due to issues mentioned above, the Lepenc sub-system should be constructed to increase the availability of water resources in these areas. After 50 years of the design there are needs to change the design and adapt to the current situation. Now are different social, economic and cultural conditions, new standards and technologies seismic and geophysical measurements and studies since the 1970s, the considerable growth in the urban settlements during the last 50 years, cross-boundary implications with the North of Macedonia, etc. The possibility of constructing the Lepenc sub-system as part of the Ibër-Lepenc Hydro System Project is the focus of this study.

Kosovo is estimated to have limited surface and subsurface water resources and is classified as such in a group of water stress states. To meet the shortages of these resources but also for environmental and economic reasons, water reuse is now considered as a good opportunity to meet the shortages. Reuse is defined as the reuse of water used by objects, water that can be collected from roofs, other surface and groundwater in and around objects. This paper deals with Object IV on the UBT Campus in Lipjan and analyzes the feasibility of meeting the water requirement from the facility's reuse of water and the use of rainwater from the roof along with the facility's drainage water. To determine these quantities and the manner of use, Object IV designed the supply and disposal system for the water to be used for drinking, the removal of wastewater, gray water, the collection of rainwater from the roof and drainage water from the object. The IV object of the UBT campus in Lipjan is designed for a 5257 m2 of basement and roof area. The water coming out of the sinks that will be used for reuse will be designed separately from the sewage. Also, a reuse system for laundering toilets was set up separately from other sanitary supplies. Drinking water requirements for Object IV are estimated at 4.8 l / s while the discharged water used may range from 30-60 l / s. Rainfall calculation for a 50 year iteration with duration of 3 minutes maximum will be 4 mm which implies that the maximum amount of conveyance of the roof rating par 5257 m2 is 116.8l/s, while the load for a vertical is 4.8 l/s. The maximum groundwater flow from drainage into and around the object provides an estimated 7.5 l/s. From the analysis of the results of water quantities, thay are calculated the volumes that can be reused by gray, rainwater and groundwater: From the reuse of gray water generated by the sinks of the facility it is possible to provide about 27 m3 per day of service to be used for washing in the toilet. From rainwater that can be reused and from groundwater these volumes are 1260 and 54 m3 respectively. This volume will provide services for the desired greenfield conservation plot of approximately 1 ha and a valuable reserve for emergencies such as fire. The results of the paper indicate that it is possible to obtain a valuable amount of water from reuse of waste water, rainwater utilization and drainage that will meet the severe shortage of water. Also, potential water use has a positive environmental impact and reduces the economic cost of water use. This paper suggests authorities dealing with the definition of construction criteria in Kosovo to look at the possibility of applying again the criteria for water reuse, especially urban areas in buildings with large surfaces.

Heavy traffic on roads and traffic jam is becoming a very concerning phenomena not only for the traffic users but for the persons who deal with this phenomenon. Increasing number of traffic users such as cars` users and the vehicles on traffic, has caused the long line of vehicles on roads causing to the driver wasting the time, being behind the schedule and not realizing the plans, and feeling nervous. Studying this topic, at first is treating some of the mistakes made on traffic, particularly on roundabout, that could not be presented or eliminated from the very beginning of the building of the roundabout. Now, by the reconceptual project, the idea of eliminating the conflict points has been given, black pots and reduction of the accident cases and benefits of time now days that life became very dynamic, and we do need the ease movements on traffic, and so for all categories of vehicles

Transportation refers to any type of vehicle that you can travel in or carry goods in. Transportation is a system for taking people or goods from one place to another place, for example using buses or trains. The growth of the ability and the need to transport large quantities of goods or numbers of people over long distances at high speeds and safety, has been an index of civilization and in particular of technological progress. Ground freight encompasses less than truckload and full truckload, where ocean and air freight are associated also by their respective processes. Shipping can be carried out at any distance by boat, ship, or sailboat, over oceans and lakes, through canals or along rivers. While extensive domestic transport is less important today, the world’s major waterways include many canals that are still very important and are an integral part of economies around the world. Virtually any material can be moved thru the water, however, water transport becomes impractical when distribution of materials is critical over time, such as different types of perishable products. Anyway, the maritime transport take still the first place of transportation and it help on economy of some countries, it is impossible to imagine some biggest coastal cities of the world without their own ports. Freight transport is essential for human life in general, with the increase in transport between continents through oceans, the quality of life has increased too, and it has become possible connection with different cultures such as flora and fauna, different foods, technology, etc. Things that previous generations especially in our country, did not have the knowledge that exist. However, water transport is very cost effective with regular loads, such as trans-ocean transport of consumer products and especially for heavy loads or bulk cargoes, such as coal, ores or cereals. Certainly, the industrial revolution took place mostly, where water transport through natural or artificial waterways, supported cost-effective transport. In this way this type of transport took first place in the world mainly in the transport of goods.

Environmental pollution is one of the most worrying problems facing humankind globally today. Human activities have been associated with the pollution of air, water, soil, food, flora, fauna, etc., as a result of the emission of various pollutants. Among other things, the production of electricity from fossil fuels constitutes one of the potential stationary pollutants globally. Obiliq Municipality lies in the central part of Kosovo, with an area of 105 km2, classified as an area with large lignite reserves and as one of the most polluted municipalities in Kosovo. Environmental pollution is related to the most important energy potentials of KEK, TPPs “Kosova A”, and “Kosova B”, the superficial coal mines Bardh and Mirash, the ash dumps of TPPs, the electricity transmission infrastructure, etc. These sources derive the largest amounts of solid particles in the form of PM10 and PM2.5, SOx and NOx, and a series of other organic and inorganic pollutants. The aim of the study was to identify, monitor and evaluate environmental pollution as a result of the activity of the Kosovo A and Kosovo B power plants, and to recommend alternative measures to minimize the negative effects of environmental pollution. The study was conducted during the period October 2019-May 2020. During this study it was possible to assess the air quality in the Obiliq Municipality, through analysis of the multi-year data from the Agency for Environmental Protection of Kosovo, as well as the comparison with Kosovo and EU standards. Average 5-year data show that air quality in the areas around TPPs exceeds the allowable limit values. The level of knowledge and awareness of citizens about the impact of the activity of TPPs is at low levels. It is recommended continuous monitoring of TEC A and TEC B smokers and monitoring of air quality in the Municipality of Obiliq, feasibility study for the installation of new electrostatic protectors and new technologies for desulphurization, denitrification and elimination of dust, developing a comprehensive program to replace traditional stoves with more efficient ones, investment in renewable energy, and greater access to information on the effect of air and environmental pollution in general.

Limni Lake, which is one of efficiency lagoons of Aegean Region, covers an area of approximately 68 ha. This study was carried out to determine the water quality of Limni Lake and possible ecological parameters affecting the lake at 7 stations selected between April 2018 and March 2019. Some physico-chemical parameters (Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, saturated oxygen, electrical conductivity, salinity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, ortho- phosphate, total phosphorus, suspended solids, turbidity, chlorophyll-a, BOD5 were analyzed and compared with the older datas. Water samples were analysed in the Water Analysis Laboratory of the accredited Research Laboratories of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University and evaluated in terms of water quality. As a result of this study which continued one year, especially in summer period, some contaminations are inspected in terms of water quality and ecology which are related to vacational season, mine exportation from Güllük Port and aquaculture that is managed in soil pools.

One of the worldwide environmental concern is the soil loss or soil erosion. The present study aims to investigate spatial-temporal distribution of intensity or density of erosion processes in last 18 years (2000– 2018). The most used model in our region known as Gavrilovic model has been implemented. The model was implemented in two time series, annually. The input data such as geology, topography (DEM), land cover, stream network catchment have been collected and recorded from different local and freely geoportals and organizations. The validation of results was made through the regular field checks and observations. In the year 2000, the most of study was observed in the “High” (31%) and “Very High” (27%) category of erosion risk, whereas in the year 2018 the most of study area was observed as “Moderate” (40%) and “High” (27%) erosion risk category. Furthermore the present study demonstrates the potential of GIS in conjunction with open- access geospatial data in order to investigate the environmental degradation.

Architecture and construction in Kosovo, in general, are quite static, not interacting with the inhabitants and the surrounding urban environment, thus being the largest consumers of energy, water, and natural resources. Kosovo, as a country in transition, has undergone rapid urbanization, where the highest percentage of buildings are designed and built specifically for the circumstances and needs of the moment regardless of environmental conditions, ecology, or the needs and activities of residents. Therefore, this concept of traditional architecture and construction should replace with new concepts of regenerative buildings, where the buildings should interact with the environment and its inhabitants. This research aims to promote and implement the design and construction of regenerative buildings in Kosovo. It discusses the principles of the built environment design, aimed at achieving regenerative buildings.

In developing countries, the fact that public transportation services have not exceeded a certain level increases the use of the private vehicle as a type of transportation in urban transportation day by day. Insufficient road and parking problem is a significant obstacle in the solution of traffic problems for years. The institutions responsible for solving traffic problems have often made intractable urban traffic problems with the understanding of the necessity of high-cost investments. In this context, despite the traditional understanding, "Transportation Demand Management" strategies developed within the framework of new approaches, evaluates the problem through the outline of existing infrastructure facilities and offer alternatives to the use of private vehicles with less investment. Transportation Demand Management strategies are based on various policies and programs that result in more efficient use of traffic infrastructure. It examines situations related to urban traffic problems and argues that it can be solved through the understanding of TDM. Within the basis of urban traffic problems and solutions in Pristina; Physical improvements have been proposed within the urban central ring for the purpose of improving the public transportation system and the use of bicycles.

The use of electric vehicles still accounts for a very small share of the total number of vehicles delivered, both in Europe and around the world. There is a growing number of vehicles on the roads that an increase in atmospheric pollution that reduces the quality of life for citizens. The desire and need for the introduction of electric vehicles is growing, as a reason for preserving the environment, but also for sustainable urban development. Urban logistics can be considered developed in only a few European countries, while some have not developed proposals or management systems at all. Increased trade development affects traffic. The need to deliver goods to stores or to visit customers in the trade, greatly affects the city’s logistics system and the proposed ways of managing them should be analysed. A modern way of distributing goods is to achieve positive effects on the overall traffic system, but by using them on a very small scale. The introduction of electric vans in retail chains is being used to demonstrate the possibility of introducing electric vehicles into the delivery of consumer goods ordered through online stores.With the growing development of technology, consumers have the opportunity to buy products from home. However, most still decide to visit shopping malls. The result of the usage of personal vehicles for this purpose has a very negative effect on the environment and the quality of life for residents.The paper explores customer habits, their influence on the entire system, and the possibility of introducing qualitative and sustainable ways to purchase and deliver goods.Based on the research, the main goal is to propose a method of distributing consumer goods, starting from a small city and around the country by electric vehicles. In order to propose an optimal solution, the terms urban and retail logistics will be presented, as well as the ways of modern organization of the distribution of goods for retail.

Vertical loads can cause deformations (settelments) on foundations depending on soil formations. These deformations occur mainly when we are dealing with rising or falling of the groundwater level, where the phenomenon of swelling and shrinkage of the soil appears. To have a more realistic picture of the situation we must have sufficient data. In this case, data from geological-geomechanical research were taken and physical-mechanical parameters were analyzed, with these parameters the ground deformations were calculated. For each construction, the allowed safety factor must be issued that meets the condition q a >Ds z In this paper are taken into account the calculations of deformations according to loads using two comparative methods: according to settle 3D and empirical formulas which are taken as real and applied values. Most of these data are applied directly in the field, the numerical values of the deformations are harmonized in accordance with the permissible geotechnical standards

In building structures, tile is one of the most essential elements in relation to the final cost of the structure, due to the large amount of building materials used. Therefore, it is worth comparing some of existing technologies in the market, in order to make this element less costly or even to improve it. The topic that I have addressed in this thesis is the design of a building with individual residential character P + 1, with a constructive system, of columns, beams and massive slabs of reinforced concrete. The most important part of this paper is the comparison between BA and COBIAX tiles. The purpose of this paper is to show the comparison of the typology of the tiles and the comparison in the static and economic aspect. In the case of the design of these two types of tiles, the Cobiax solution showed greater applicability, due to its lighter weight, in which case it was possible to form a larger space and a smaller amount of materials used.

The topic that I choose to elaborate in this thesis is the design of a building with individual residential character P + 1, with a skeletal constructive system, of columns, beams and massive slabs of reinforced concrete, while the foundation is the strip foundation. On this topic we will provide data on concrete and steel as materials forming structure, their characteristics, the way of accepting loads, and the joint work they do to create the elements in particular and the structure in general, covering the shortcomings of each other as building materials. then we elaborated on the conditions that must be met to calculate a concrete structure, the steps to be followed together with the calculation methods, always respecting the European construction standards for which we have shown what they are, and for what they serve as building codes. We have made a detailed presentation of the structural elements, where we have talked about the tiles, their types, the loads that accept them, the spaces they can cover, the ways of their supports, their static schemes, etc., we have also presented the beams, the way of acceptance. of the forces from them, static schemes, their reinforcement, we have done the same for pillars, also for foundations we have shown their characteristics, their types for what the formed material, for what construction, the way of their work, the choice of the application of the types of foundations, the depths of the foundation, etc., and we have illustrated all these with relevant figures. The most important part of this work is that the static account of this facility will be done twice with different grades of concrete, C25/30 and C30/37. The purpose of this paper is to show the impact of the concrete class on the amount of reinforcement as well as its impact on the cost of the project. In this work, in a detailed way, will be shown the calculation of a two-way slab, a beam, a colum and a strip foundation, where the reinforcement of each of them will be presented in a drawing.

The building sector accounts for approximately 30–40% of national CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels. As construction activities both consume energy and cause environmental pollution/emission of greenhouse gases they consequently lead to climate change. Buildings are responsible for % 40 of total energy in their life cycle stages of buildings in the world and for one third of global greenhouse gas emissions as well, in developed and developing countries. Proper technologies and strategies would play main role to reduce embodied carbon. Besides, quality of raw material, production processes, design of buildings, development level of countries, use of local materials, transportation of produced materials. In recent years in Kosovo we have an extreme increase in air pollution and pollution of nature and natural resources. Therefore, awareness has been raised about the consequences of environmental pollution as well as the negative consequences of various human activities and various technological processes in the environment. Therefore, these phenomena caused increased interest and commitment in the study of these about the impact of these effects on climate change, water, air pollution, soil and ecosystem degradation. Sustainable development in construction engineering is generally based on reducing the use of energy and natural resources, reducing pollutant emissions to soil, air and water, increasing the sustainability and service life of structures, the use of by-products, recycling and reuse of products various which are used in civil engineering from production to their implementation in construction. In Kosovo in the last decade there is a rapid development of construction and large investments in infrastructure. One of the most used materials is Concrete which has a great use in construction, infrastructure and other sectors of civil engineering. The concrete industry is a major consumer of natural resources (aggregate, clay, lime and water) and has a major impact on the environment. Many scientists are engaged in finding alternative ingredients for concrete preparation in order to save natural resources, the importance of finding and accepting the use of alternative ingredients for concrete is clearly of particular importance about the impact of these effects on changes climate, water, air pollution, soil and ecosystem degradation. One of the main products in the preparation of concrete is aggregate, the consumption of natural aggregate as the largest component of concrete is constantly growing and with great speed, the use of alternative sources of aggregate based on this construction trend is inevitable. In the construction engineering in the last decade there has been a very high demand for the application of lightweight concrete, in order to achieve greater height and reduce the weight of construction structures. Therefore, different materials have been analyzed and lighter in weight than the aggregate, which has made it possible to replace the natural aggregate. In this paper is analyzed the impact on climate change, water, air pollution, soil and degradation of ordinary concrete ecosystem and concrete to be allowed by the preparation of concrete transport and placement in the facility. Two elements of the structure were taken for analysis and analyzed from the recipe to the final product.

With the growth of population every year, more and more increases the role of high- rise structures, and therefore the design of these structures should have a greater importance. Earthquake plays and important role in shaping the structural elements of a building. The biggest damage to buildings occurs due to columns damage, which comes because of their wrong design. This research will analyze the effect of specific cross section column shapes in the global performance of a RC building. In this paper, we will analyze the structural and technical-economic performance of a 20 story building in Pristina Kosovo. A comparison will be conducted between different cross section shapes of columns, this to find the most optimal cross section shape in terms of seismic and technical economic performance. For each specific cross section shape, we will analyze the economic value, based on the market value in Kosovo, and the seismic performance. These two components will play a key role in determining the optimal cross section shape of the inner columns of a high-rise building.

This research activity is related with the impact that pandemic COVID’19 has created a very big challenge in every field of the life, and the field of the civil engineering and infrastructure haven been intact. The study has been based on the custom data related with the import and export of the most important construction materials with the relation between Kosovo and the region. As have been seen from these data’s, a comparison between the first 6 months of the year 2019 and the year 2020, when the pandemic situation evolved. The import of construction material in the first 6 months 2020 haven’t been in a very bad situation how it was supposed, this result has been even changed, thanks to some other custom changes that Kosovo state have performed related with neighbor states. While an important study should be done in the impact of real estate movement in the same period of the 2019. The study would involve the construction companies and the real estate companies.

In the practice of developed countries, adequate norms are used for the development of human activities in different branches of the economy. The development of construction as an important branch of economic activity of a state is very important. Norms in construction are used to: schedule the required time needed to complete the work, define required resources (materials, manpower and equipment), reward workers according to their effort and results, control-monitor construction phase and price analysis. This paper aims to find the degree of use of these norms for price analysis during the preparation of tenders in Kosovo and its effect on financial status of construction companies.

This research used the descriptive method to determine the level of Science Achievement of Grade VI Pupils: Basis for Production of Strategic Intervention Materials in Bayawan City East Central School, Bayawan City Division during the SY 2019-2020. The quantitative data were gathered from 134 pupils of Bayawan City East Central School, Bayawan City Division during the SY 2019-2020. Also, the researcher conducted a survey questionnaire. Descriptive method was used in this study. The statistical tools used in the analysis of the data were percentage, frequency, mean, weighted mean, and z-test. The study found out that the level of Science Achievement of Grade VI Learners of the Least Learned Organ Systems in terms of the Circulatory System, Respiratory System, and Excretory System were at low mastery level while for the Nervous System, the learners were moving towards mastery stage. Based on the given findings, it served as a basis for the production of Strategic Intervention Materials (SIM) in the different Least Learned Organ Systems namely Circulatory System, Respiratory System, Nervous System, and Excretory System in order to increase the level of learners’ achievement in Science subject.

According to the latest calculations , the world is currently producing about 1.3 billion tons of garbage every year .Putting that in perspective , if we took all the human beings on the planet and placed them on an impossibly gigantic scale ,their combined weight would only be one –quarter of that amount . Unfortunately –or perhaps ominously is the better word –about 60 percent of this garbage will end up in landfills , which are multiplying globally as a pace that neraly matches the reproduction rate of the rat populations that live in them . Dumping and burying everything in landfill is not a viable solution to our collective garbage disposal problems . There simly isn’t enough usable space , horizantally or vertically to safely deposit billions of tons of this heavily contaminated material on an annual basis . Other solutions are needed and may people believe incineration facilities offer a cleaner , tidier and less land-consuming alternative .Even thugh they are not as common as landfills , municipal incinetarion plants have been around for a while , so there is nothing experimental or theoretical about this option . But is incineration truly a legitimate or desirable alternative ? That is a question with no definitive answer

In this scientific work presented are Seismic basic characteristics. Reliable seismic hazard assessment depends mainly on the level of consistency, quality and amount of data in earthquake catalogues. The lack of good seismic activity data may often affect the quality of the assessment. This short review of the seismic activity affecting the territory of Kosovo throughout the time, points out that this region should be considered having high seismic hazard potential. Having in mind that in the last two decades, the region is undergoing very fast urbanization characterized with extensive infrastructure development and building modern high rise structures with different use: residential, administrative, commercial and buildings belonging to essential facilities such are schools and hospitals it is necessary to be aware of the seismic hazard to which the built environment can be exposed and all possible consequences of such event. In order to be able to assess the seismic hazard, it is necessary to integrate data from various field such as seismology, Seismotectonic, geology, tectonics, geophysics etc.

The delineation of groundwater bodies in the Drini i Bardhë river basin in compliance with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) is highly important for the integrated management of water resources. However, the Water Framework Directive does not specify exactly how groundwater bodies should be delimited, but provides guidance on the steps to the attainment of this goal, as it is Guidance Document GW2. In addition, this delineation of water bodies is important not only in compliance with the WFD- Guidance Document GW2 and as matter of a fact also to ensure from now on all groundwater resources that are relevant to current and future uses and which are relevant to the health of dependent ecosystems will gain full attention in the whole water management system. Furthermore, the groundwater body is the management unit under the Water Framework Directive that is necessary for the subdivision of large geographical areas of aquifer in order for them to be effectively managed. Purpose of this Paper is to give an overview of delineation of GWBs in the River Basin Drini i Bardhë, methodologies for the assessment of groundwater chemical and quantitative status as well as results of status assessment. The White Drini Basin is located in the western part of the Republic of Kosovo. Groundwater in the Drini Bardhë River Basin is of significant importance, mainly as a source of public water supply of population, irrigation, industry etc. Therefore, it also provides support for aquatic eco systems. According to the information collected for the purpose of preparation of the Drini Bardhë River Basin, have been identified 14 (GWBs).

The location on which is targeted to build a construction engineering facility requires complex studies. In this regard, research concerned with drilling processes is the basis for extracting data related to design and construction parameters. As a result, research drilling is widely used in geotechnical research for soil and rock sampling and is one of the cost-effective methods with low environmental impact. In addition, minimum information to be included and presented regarding geotechnical drilling includes: project details and drilling date, drilling location, drilling geologist data, drilling method, laboratory test results, material mapping- core extracted from drilling, groundwater depth, etc. Consequently, this paper aims to show the use- application of software strater 3 in the processing and presentation of geotechnical drilling and profiles related to in-depth construction of the planned location for the construction of engineering facilities. Meanwhile, it is worth emphasizing that strater is a powerful and innovative package responsible for recording drilling data and developing cross-sectional profiles in the field of geosciences. Furthermore, strater helps to create the drilling column, and in the meantime it is a great aid to display sub-surface data using different models.