Architecture and Spatial Planning

The contemporary urban-architectural space has been marked by two parallel operations; on one hand, control: prototypes of a preserved and reconstructed city, ideal and precious. On the other, cynicism: overcrowded countercultures that eliminate disciplinary boundaries and mock at the professional practice of urbanism and architecture. This characteristic threshold-territory of the postmodern city houses expressions that modernism could not and did not want to include in its rational discourse, and that have their origin in cynicism, which in practice determines the use and consumption, transformation and transvaluation of the real urban-architectural territory through experimentation.

Historically through the suppression of borders, cynicism opposed Platonism and rationalism, pillars of the normalization of Western thought; as a consequence and resistance, postmodernity will claim cynicism in countercultures that choose ideological and spatial transgression as a way of life and expresses particular phenomena for which there is not yet an explanatory theory, and although cynicism is not a theory but a pragmatism proposed as a philosophy of freedom, transgression, and suppression of limits, there is no other ideological stance that more accurately explains the conditions of the production of space in the 21st century.

This lecture describes a theoretical proposal that reconfigures the way of thinking and using urban-architectural territories, is product of a doctoral research on the countercultural forms of mobility and transgression in the City of Mexico, which questions the conventional ways of using the public and architectural space. It is based on the studies of the cynicism by Foucault and Sloterdijk, the visions of resistance of Becker and Onfray, and the philosophical-spatial models applied to the city of Deleuze and Koolhaas. The postmodern cynicism (kynicism) is claimed as a creative strategy to reconfigure and produce contemporary urban-architectural territories.

Greenery inside cities is integral part of their urban area, which affects citizens and life in cities in essential way, supports quality of the city and especially its public space. Today greenery is integral and expected part of a complex, which we call "urbanity". In our geographical latitudes, conditions for beneficial effects of greenery are good so far, and it was possible to maintain the greenery without too high costs and with huge effect for urban area. In present time with growing influence of climate change on internal municipal environment occurs also increase of influence of a greenery on stability of inner city climate (and not only - protection against formation of thermal islands, increase of habitation of public areas, creation of more humid and cold air at night, etc.). Recent way of adjustment of more municipal parks and squares doesn't really respond to this requirement, works on renovation of parks and public areas are being disproportionately prolonged, there are used inappropriate cover materials for sidewalks and paths, placement of green spaces and trees is reduced (shading, humid air, absorption and water retention are limited) and full efficiency of municipal greenery (especially trees again), after the works on the park are finished, is postponed for later time. Within our presentation will be given actual examples of inappropriate changes from presence, including examples of strong reduction of greenery and list of possible negative effects of degradation of role of greenery in municipal and public areas.

Experiences show that urban mobility based on fossil fuels is not the way forward and cities that have prioritised private automobile mobility in their planning have turned out to be disadvantageous for people from a health, safety, and economic perspectives. It has been proven that building automobile friendly infrastructure will not solve the traffic challenges in cities. The development of sustainable urban transport systems requires a conceptual leap and paradigm shift. In this context, Eco-Mobility is a new application practice that covers all the policies and principles of sustainable transportation and as such, it is developed for the application of this transportation concept. The EcoMobility SHIFT’s 20 indicators will be used for measuring the sustainability and ecomobility level of our study case, Bozcaada Island, Turkey, thus by raising awareness of the existence of an instrument for assessing the level of EcoMobility of cities, it finally aims to prepare them for a transition towards sustaianable and eco-friendly ones.

The European policies tend to create an urban coherence and to develop as a territorial unification.

The NUTS classification (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) is a hierarchical system whose main objective is the regional development based on socioeconomic analysis, equality, and coherence. This categorization supports the ideology of capital cities to be considered, functioning as a metropolis. Hence, to be able to understand the prevalence of this theory, this paper primarily raises questions like: Is it the right time that Kosovo has to rethink the way of urban planning? ; Which indicators based on the New Urban Agenda should be taken into consideration when evaluating the city’s sense of creative resilience? Is Prishtina a metropolis? ; Do we have similarities with Western Balkan countries? And, is it the right time for globalization?

Additionally, this paper examines the physical growth trend of the city (Prishtine) and offers clarification, upon which proposition and suggestions are given on how to coordinate this changing city growth pattern with the benefits provided to human development

It is a curious paradox that Kosovo, indeed, aspires to be a member of European Union, but yet still possesses a territorial structure and urban policy documents completely different from the EU, moreover it continues to create documents which do not match with the European system.

Correspondingly, the general finding from this research paper is that, admittedly, large cities, on balance, benefit from globalization, although in some cases at the expense of widening spatial injustices. Hereupon, Kosovo as a country can benefit from globalization because it can borrow the urban policies and housing methods in that way adapting it to the context to preserve the originality. Furthermore, there is a need to educate new generations by using different strategies to stretch their knowledge by explaining in terms of unification and globalization.

Sustainable Urban Design (SUD) is concerned with the process of creating the aptitude of urban design communities and other engaged individuals and groups in the process to minimize the negative impact of urban development and to maximize the positive effects in this respect. This study is focused on the investigation of the level of knowledge and experience communities and individuals concerned with the sustainability of the design of the urban product and urban process. The paper presents five determinants of sustainable design of urban products and urban process, that argue the sustainability concept as a combination of art and science needed to design and create places that endure. The sustainability determinants are derived from indicators for sustainable urban development. The five determinants of sustainable product and process design analysed in this study are land use, energy efficiency, environmental issues, social issues, and materials and water treatment. The research approach is based on theoretical and practical issues related to sustainable urban design. The data are derived from case studies and survey research. The results signify the level of urban designers and planners concerned with the sustainable urban design by comparing the international design community with the national community.

The continuous transformation of the agricultural, and natural territories to a build environment, has been very dynamic in Tirana, especially during these last 30 years. Resulting mainly in an informal urban sprawl, many questions have been raised on the future of these areas. To prevent a further extension, a new strategy has emerged by the latest General Local Plan of Tirana, which develops the city within its actual footprint and re-defines the urban area by implementation of a Green Belt. This paper aims to study the possible scenarios between the two city fabrics, landscape and informality. Such study is seen of a great interest due to the landscape high potential not only in the development of informal areas, but also in their integration with the rest of the city.

The future urban development of Prishtina is the subject to this research paper. Whether Prishtina has its potentials toward being resilient or not as per the UN and EU criterias, while at the same time comparing it with the cities in the region, Belgrade and Zagreb, it’s the main subject to this research paper.

The evaluation of Prishtina, Belgrade and Zagreb developmental path and their weight toward resilience, adaptation and mitigation has been done through the scan of the legislation for the capital city of Prishtina, the capital city of Belgrade and the capital city of Zagreb, by the indicators of EU Basque Declaration for the New Pathways for European Cities and Towns to create productive, sustainable and resilient cities for a liveable and inclusive Europe.

Spatial and inclusive planning after 1999 has faced many challenges as a result of the inadequate professional preparation of local institutions in Kosovo. Lack of knowledge of inclusive approaches, non-contemporary methodologies used in the spatial planning process, emergent periods for reconstruction, lack of professional capacity, lack of budget and lack of political interest were just some of the challenges that spatial planning has faced in Kosovo municipalities. Strategic and inclusive planning approaches are not well accepted by local staff; on the contrary, the transition from conventional planning to strategic and inclusive planning was difficult and not easily acceptable.

The Municipality of Peja as a pioneer in taking steps to move forward from the conventional planning process to the strategic one has successfully succeeded in drafting the spatial plans in line with the Kosovo spatial planning legal framework, but the success story has not been complete. It took even more time, commitment and budget to continue the processes up to the urban regulatory level.

Following the recommendations and activities from the approved spatial development plans has forced Peja Municipality to approach the implementation process. The challenging approach to treat informal settlements, based on local human capacity and successfully finalizing the processes has made decision makers in Peja to continue to support spatial planning towards sustainable development.

The process of taxing informal settlements by the process of issuing construction permits has had a positive impact on budget fulfillment which are then converted into capital investment projects, financed by the municipality or co-financed with various international programs. The partnership built between local institutions and the community has helped local government design social, economic and environmental community-based projects that have been supported by the community during the design process and during project implementation.

After the projects were finalized the welfare and quality of life of the families increased, a pro-active community was built, local institutions built transparency in spending the local budget. A triangle of partnership has been built between the community, the municipality and international organizations that have co-financed the projects and this example has had a positive impact on the development of other urban areas in Peja.

Urban land use plan is a spatial planning document that defines how certain an urban land area will be developed in the future. In other words, it determines whether a certain land parcel is going to be used for building public infrastructure, public parks, the areas for public facilities, residential or commercial uses etc. One such document in Kosovo's current spatial planning legislation is the Urban Regulatory Plan (URP) which sets out in detail the manner of land use in the area covered by the plan.

A rational use of land often requires changes in land structure that can be made only if adequate urban development instruments and methods are adapted to suit the socio-economic conditions of the country, its government and the land tenure system. These instruments must have adequate legal support that is often needed to break the barriers that are imposed by individual landowners' interests supported by advanced private property rights.

This paper aims to highlight the importance of the link between the land use planning, land structure and instruments or methods applied to urban land development in Kosovo. In order to emphasize the importance of links between these elements to urban planning process in Kosovo there have been taken examples of Urban Regulatory Plans in various municipalities of Kosovo. These urban plans have been analyzed in various aspects such as the approval procedures, the legal support and the instruments used to implement them. Furthermore, there was developed a questionnaire with urban planners in the 7 main municipalities of Kosovo. The purpose of this questionnaire was to obtain their opinion on the state of implementation of urban plans and the needs for changes in the urban planning and management system in Kosovo that would help more efficient implementation of urban plans.

Results from the study show that there is a strong connection between these three components. In other words, in order to use the land rationally, it is important to choose the instruments and methods for adapting the land structure to the land use plan. This is especially important in cases where the land is very fragmented and where the property rights represent a barrier to plan implementation as it is the case in Kosovo.

The city of Tirana is experiencing rapid and continuous growth, leading to an intensive expansion and density, consequently a multidimensional transformation of urban spaces. Which leads to greater living pressure and creates a dynamism in the urban environment. The central area is usually associated mainly with these changes due to the different types of function and use they provide. This paper aims are to investigate the urban space morphology of Tirana City by analyzing surfaces cover and functionality transformation. Using spatial data for land use changes and examine the impact of socio-economic factors. Furthermore, the rapid processes have neglected the need for comparability of data for real information relating to the transformation of urban spaces, but with considerable importance for the authorities during the planning and management of services. This requires monitoring and evaluation, based on their measurable capacity and compare the changes to adapt positively and move to sustainability.

Nowadays no profession could be imagined without use of many software applications that facilitate everyday work. Software is an intellectual property and its use is a cost to user and income to the intellectual property owner. The practice of purchasing software licenses in Kosovo is relatively new and is applied on a very small scale. The architect's profession requires the use of some very costly software applications. This paper aims to compare license prices and training prices with average income of residents for some Autodesk software applications in different countries. Market equilibrium, based on supply and demand will determine reasonable price that users in Kosovo would be willing to pay based on their low income. Affordable license prices along with law enforcement will lower illegal software usage.

At present, the construction sector is one of the industries generating the greatest environmental impact and therefore it increases pollution and thus natural disasters occurring due to climate change. For this reason, the sector must encourage sustainable development, which is currently aimed – primarily- at achieving zero environmental impact. However, at present, the concept of sustainability is not solving the environmental problems caused by the sector and requires an immediate change [4]. In addition, the level of sustainable implementation in Europe varies substantially from one country to another. In some countries, a movement wanting to go further has been formed; shifting from implementing degenerative or "less bad" strategies to other strategies aiming a positive net environmental impact, by means of regenerative sustainability criteria. Regenerative sustainability promotes buildings that not only achieve zero environmental impact, but their impact is positive, meaning that buildings are able to "regenerate" their users and the environment. In this sense, the COST Action "RESTORE" (REthinking Sustainability TOwards to Regenerative Economy) was developed, aiming to transform the sector and promote this new way of understanding sustainability.This work presents the first results obtained in the RESTORE Action and particularly in Working Group 3 that deals with Sustainable Building Construction, regarding the level of implementation of sustainability in the different countries of Europe. For this, a short survey was developed, focusing on three main construction aspects: materials, technology and tools. The survey was sent to more than 150 professionals and 62 responses were received. Results show that, in general, there is a lack of regenerative sustainability criteria in Europe, especially in the southern countries. Most countries rely on traditional materials and technologies rather than advanced and emerging materials and techniques. Finally, the results obtained help to understand the current situation of sustainability and to identify the challenges and difficulties of implementing Sustainable Construction in the Europe.

Traditional architecture has been the basis of later construction. But what has remained a precious legacy across generations is undoubtedly the functional side of many elements of traditional architecture. In this context there are many elements of the architectural heritage, which in the past have served as informative elements for a wider social circle, understandably for those who were able to "read" the symbolism of those elements.

In addition to the function that served to house the family members, dwelling in general, as part of the heritage of traditional architecture, had other functions, such as the information function through specific parts of the dwelling. In addition to the exterior appearance, the doors and windows of the residential houses have also played a special role in the information function. But due to the great complexity of these two elements, in this paper I will focus only on the door information function.

The direction of opening the door has had an informative function, not only for the residents of the house, but more so for the guests who have entered the house for the first time. Opening the door to the right, or to the left, depends on the apartment. So if the door is opened on the right side in the guest room, or in the Dukagjini Plain - Tower Door, on the left side the door is opened in the bedrooms, or as it is known among the people - in the crown rooms. But the way the doors opened has changed the informative function even of what the building used to be. In short, dwelling in the Albanian tradition has also functioned as a whole in support of unwritten rules, but in fact those rules have been applicable because the justifications have been convincing and have in time become norms of tradition.

How these rules have been transformed into norms and to what extent have they served the family, preserving many traditions, but above all serving the reconciliation of hostile families and preserving the identity of the guest in a home through the opening of the door will be the backbone of my work, in the ethnological aspect of the tradition of Albanian architecture.

Garden roses are predominantly hybrid roses that are grown as ornamental plants in private or public gardens. A rose (Rosa canina L.) is a woody perennial flowering plant. There are over a hundred species and thousands of cultivars. This group of plants can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that often have thorns. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white, yellows, reds, pinks and purples. Landscape Roses (Rosa x hybrida) are a modern category of rose developed mainly for mass planting. They are collectively known as shrub roses. In the late 20th century, traditional hybrid tea and floribunda rose varieties fell out of favor amid gardeners and landscapers, as they are often labor and chemical intensive plants susceptible to a myriad of pest and disease problems. Most landscape roses having the following characteristics:Lower growing habit, usually under 60 cm;repeat flowering; flower colour; fragrant; disease and pest resistance. Rose in Kosovo has been cultivated for centuries and was one of the most loveliest ornamental plants and growing in parks, family gardens, urban cities, cut roses, etc. Some representative garden roses species in the landscape urban structure in Kosovo are: Rosa floribunda, Rosa grandiflora, Ingrid bergman, Eifel tower Galia, Vicendal, Princess de Monaco, Duble delaght, Lincoln, Don juan, Rosa alba, etc.

The paper presents a research on how architectural competitions increase the quality of design. The research is a narrative of information emphasizing both sides of the competition. The committee in charge of preparing the competition together with the client (which can be private or public) and on the other side, the competitor, procedures of taking part in a competition stages that increase design skills.

The paper describes first the importance of creating proper competition brief which is based in quality data and how the data needs to be professionally classified and presented clearly so competitors can easily read the client’s needs. This part is illustrated graphically and textually. And second, the paper describes methodologies how competitors can be more efficient on tackling competitions to maximize results.

The topic addresses the necessity to be active on architectural competitions and what is the conclusion of the research; how all the stages increase design quality based on analytical and design methodologies related to the process of data interpretation.

Prishtina as the capital city of Kosovo is a city that has been continuously developed during different phases and stages and which is still persistent. This development without any exception influenced the development of building sector in general and housing quality as a result of evolving construction solutions and standards. Standards of building quality during different phases represented different approaches and priorities in terms of living comfort.

The purpose of the research is to analyse and structure the building typology of the residential building stock in city of Prishtina. A more detailed structuring of building stock will lead to more efficient solutions to achieve energy efficiency in existing residential buildings but also would offer potential guidelines for upcoming investments for decrement of energy consumption in Kosovo in general.

In this case TABULA approach has been applied to identify and structure the residential building stock in city of Prishtina as one of the most effective approaches in EU countries.

Creation of a database which will contain sufficient technical data for the building stock in city of Prishtina, based on field research and measurements may be considered as an essential platform for Kosovo’s legislation and community of designers and builders on handling the current residential building stock towards higher energy efficiency standards.

Identification as a problem and treatment of the illegal use of land of socially owned property in Kosovo, with the focal point in Prizren, is the fundamental body-content of this study paper. The illegal use and exploitation of socially owned land in Kosovo, respectively the construction of residential, commercial and public buildings (non social property) on the socially owned land, is the core subject elaborated in this study. These constructions are considered illegal since they are performed on socially owned land, without any permit, previous approval, and license or similar and this topic hasn’t been discussed or elaborated much in Kosovo. Land, on which the houses/buildings are constructed, at the cadastral official registers in Municipal Cadastral Offices, even today are registered as social ownership; actually, they are in the name of Socially Owned Enterprises (SOE). Consequently, the users of the land automatically are to be considered as illegal occupants, or illegal users of the property of social ownership.

The violence of war caused the destruction of public records about public and private rights to land and buildings, including the cadastral and court records and the archives of the enterprises that managed the socially owned land, apartments, and other assets. Property maps, cadastral books, possession lists, and transaction document archives, which comprise of the “authoritative” identification about who has what rights to what land and buildings, have been removed to Serbia. In addition, people avoided the formal transaction recording system and carried out transactions informally for several decades due to transaction taxes and the legal prohibition of transactions between Serbs and Albanians. Therefore, in general, the study represents the research of very complex problems of two interactive systems, the land use in the specific state of social ownership and construction of individual buildings in specific illegal status and social /economic implications as consequences.

This paper treats procedure of issuing a permit on use of category I building, statistics from municipal archive data and the method of awareness raising programs for the importance of possessing permit on use for this construction category.

Paper also aims to show the current procedures of getting permit on use for the 1st category of construction (low hazardous buildings),

I addition, paper shows exact number of certificates of use in the Municipality of Pristina since 2001, until 2019, the importance of possessing the certificate of use as well as the citizen awareness method for initiating the procedure for getting permit on use. Furthermore, paper treats and analyses risk and consequences faced for safety and security of users (inhabitants) at the building that did not passed through process of verification and final control before issuing permit on use.

In this scientific work are presented basic characteristics of the seismicity of Kosovo, for the period 2008 to 2014 with emphasis on the most active regions. The territory of Kosovo is characterized by a relatively high seismic activity. Compilation, study and updating of earthquake data was made in order to define intensity distribution for territory of Kosovo, which will provide a basis for determination of the main characteristics of the seismicity in territory of Kosovo. These investigations have great significance from scientific and applied aspect and provide reliable of Kosovo seismicity. Results can be used as input for further investigations in the field of seismic hazard, risk assessment, engineering seismology as well for physical and urban land use planning and design in seismic prone areas.

Globalisation and modern living patterns have challenged and put in vain most of the traditional and regional patterns of space formation and its capacity to “fit” specific cultural and climatic constraints. In the other hand, the quest and urge for energy efficiency has brought back the attention towards traditional patterns, elements, components and systems as effective, low-cost and culturally accepted solutions. This paper focuses in the “in-between spaces” such as inner courtyards, atriums, patios and alike, as one the oldest and most widespread systems of composing space, especially in the architecture of housing. The structure of this paper is two fold, first the method consists of filed mapping and analysis of residential buildings with “in-between spaces” in Kosovo, analyzing their spatial structure using Space Syntax as analytical tool, also revealing their social, political and religious patterns as well as their energy performance. Second, the paper derives and presents a study with a variety of spatial and formal solutions for residential buildings in specific urban or sub-urban contexts, using the existing regional paradigms with “in-between spaces” as composing systems, while examining and revealing their cultural and performative capacities as paradigms for 21 century habitats.

In the last century Ferizaj has undergone a remarkable, not to say radical, transformation, both politically and economically, as well as in cultural and urban terms, with a particular emphasis on architecture. The transformations in the architecture of the city itself are tracks followed during a research like this, to document and discuss these architectural 'transitions' that have occurred under various pressures, which have left traces of architectural expressions in the city. The purpose of the research is to capture and present through architectural evidence the two key moments of turns in Ferizaj: the first one, the transition from architectural orientalism to that, that will be known as 'Europeanization', and the second one, the transition from neoism to the creation of modernity, through which Ferizaj gains a new image of a socialist city. What should not be left unmentioned, are the political influences that have directed not only the economic development of the city but also the architectural coloring, the basis of which will come directly from politics. The exceptional of these two major transformations in the architecture of this city, is made for an extremely short period of time, no more than seven decades (the period traced will be 1920-1990).

This thesis aims at designing a cultural center with the best technology features in Pristina region, helping public opinion and studying the effective factors in designing a cultural center, and accompanying these factors by drafting issues. This research uses many different methods , which include practical surveys that were offered to citizens of Pristina, where they could respond to what content they would consider the most necessary. The purpose of this paper is to design a cultural center in Prishtina. This thesis deals with several case studies of cultural centers in the region and Europe, based on the content and their functionality that these centers offer.

The main focus of this center is to provide the city with quality and varied artistic experiences, creating the necessary spaces for artists for all generations, promoting and supporting the creation, realization and interpretation of various works both in art and other fields. Through these exhibitons and performance spaces where a cultural center should be a place for experimental explorations, installations and exhibitions, where students could share their learning experiences to communicate together and bring the community together.

Geopolymers are the eco-friendly binders derived from activation of alumina silicates such as fly ash and metakaolin with alkaline activators. Ground perlite, a volcanic alumina silicate, has a potential to be a precursor material for geopolymer production due to its high SiO₂ content and amorphous form. This paper presents the investigation of geopolymer production with ground perlite and NaOH. For this purpose, mortar mixtures are prepared with four different NaOH solutions (3M, 6M, 9M and 12M). Mortar specimens with dimensions of 4*4*16 cm are taken from the mixtures and heat curing process is applied to the specimens after casting. The flexural and compressive strength tests are conducted on the mortar specimens at 7 and 28 days of curing. The test results showed that the flexural and compressive strengths of the ground perlite based geopolymer mortars are increased with the molarity of NaOH solution, significantly.

Aging has become one of the main researches in recent decades. The statistics over the aging of population in Kosovo and over the world show that the number of the population over 65 will increase significantly in the near future. There will be an urgent need for special design for elderly housing.

Many old people who do not have family care or a place to call their home, the elderly home care will be a safe place where they can live with dignity, comfort, security, service and harmony. Due to dynamic life of two parents who are facing work-related emergencies, there will be an opportunity to send old and young to 24-hour care and provide intergenerational classes. The motive of this study is to connect young and old in symbiosis with all of the services, needs and care. This place will be a home for everyone, where complete peace of mind will reign.

The adjective “regional” attached to the word “architecture” implies that there is something special about the architecture of a particular locality, something that occurs nowhere else. It is obvious, therefore, that to know what is regional one must first know what is local. With the all-obliterating spread of Modernism in Macedonia, efforts which were made to highlight regional and local concerns were left without enough support to survive. In the early 1970s, few young architects from Macedonia found a medium to exercise their own kind of regionalism which allowed it to exist within the parameters of modernism. There are notable exceptions, for example the works of Boris Cipan, Petar Mulickoski, Georgi Konstantinovski, Janko Konstantinov, Slavko Brezoski, etc.

The purpose of this research is to present at first the moment of architects’ involvement in presenting architectural heritage as a value on which the question of national identity can be raised. It is obvious that here we explore how architecture and architectural heritage can serve as the basis on which the image of Macedonian national identity will be created.

Secondly, the attempt of this research is to show the way regionalism emerged at different periods during the development of modernism in Macedonia. This includes presenting architectural approaches in borrowings and modifications made to country's architectural heritage details in order to achieve regionalism in modern architecture in Macedonia. Finally, while presenting projects, it is clear that we deal with different variations of presenting regionalism, depending on the period of creation of modernism in Macedonia, and on the authors’ purpose of creating modern style - being close to internationalism, or being rebellious in the search of the national identity through country's vernacular architecture.

When the Austro-Hungarian monarchy started to administrate the former Ottoman province of Bosnia on behalf of the decision of the Berlin Congress in 1878, it took over a neglected country in Southeastern Europe. Immediately, the new government established efficient structures to enhance the educational system and the public infrastructure. By means of type planning, the necessary new buildings of this first emergency-period grew in a still breathtaking speed. During the following 1890ies, the planners and responsible politicians developed a special architectural language for representative buildings of this region between orient and occident. It intended to strengthen the identity of the majority Muslim population. After 1900, also private residences of the upper classes and some urban apartment blocks used this kind of a pseudo-Moorish style for its decoration. After intensive discussion on a potential Bosnian romantic-style according to the “Heimatstil” in other European countries, some characteristic attributes of the traditional buildings mingled with Secession and Art Nouveau features, to finally overcome this “foreign” and “exotic” phase, nowadays reflected with credits.

On the southwestern slope of the castle hill at Jajce in central Bosnia, we do find representative objects of all three stages of development in architectural style in absolute vicinity. Next to this distinct group of new buildings stands the St. Luke’s tower, a medieval monument listed and protected already in 1892 by the Austrian officials. Traditional residential houses from Ottoman-Bosnian times frame the whole. Contemporary travel reports already mark this group of buildings by the term “ensemble”, which is worth a closer consideration from the standpoint of monument protection theory. Besides, the ensemble represents condensed at one prominent site – Jajce was once the capital of the medieval Bosnian kingdom – the new approaches of the Austro-Hungarian administration to modernize the country. Currently this distinct cultural landscape, - the Habsburg-Bosnian ensemble in combination with the important medieval monuments and the traditional Ottoman-Balkan residential houses-, tries to reach UNESCO world heritage status.

This paper summarizes the overall background for the Habsburg-Bosnian building ensemble and its architectural styles by comparing with other objects more in detailed traced so far through a European Research Council Grant on Islamic Architecture and Orientalizing Style in Habsburg-Bosnia (www.kunstgeschichte.univie.ac.at/ercbos; facebook.com/ercbos). The author is part of this interdisciplinary research team based at the University of Vienna.

Present days Kosovo region was part of trading and mining worldwide route networking since pre-historic times. Remaining infrastructural tissue such as bridges, khans (inns), bazaars, road defense towers, road pavements endorse this communication system. Being part of the Via de Zenta itinerary during medieval times and geographically close to Shkodra as the most frequented port and one of the biggest regional market during Ottoman era, made Gjakova an important connecting point and market center. Consequently, present days Gjakova exhibits a great market place and stone bridges built during 18th century as investment of powerful guilds to exceed nature limits and accelerate trading of commodities. Therefore, presence of this infrastructural tissue, in composition with other urban elements, creates the representative picture of a community in a consolidated economical and social prosperity and order (guilds) and the potential engineering capability of building masters. This article identifies and analyses the information and importance these commerce systems bear beyond their primary utility.

The various statues and monuments that are part of the urban memorials represent a landmark for each city and create a connection with the surroundings. After 1999 in Kosovo, the phenomenon of reviving the memory of the heroes from their recent history, memorials are being erected which are settling in cities and important urban areas.

In general, memorials create and provide a connection to the community, which strengthens their social and urban memory. Moreover, each monument has its origin in creating the urban identity of urban areas and integrating them into the daily lives of citizens. While this phenomenon in Kosovo, it is the responsibility of urban planners and artists to handle memorials in urban terms so that these works can be better incorporated with their surroundings and context.

In recent years in Kosovo, there has been a trend for many Kosovars to sell all their property and move out of Kosovo for a better future.

But many of them cannot find themselves there or the asylum seeker does not accept them as Kosovo is not part of the country at risk of crisis.

They spend some isolated time there and many seek to return to Kosovo but have no way of integrating as most have nowhere to return.

Kosovo has done little for this category of people who according to statistics make up a very large population.

The first part of the paper will analyze these categories of people, where through interviews and many other detailed analyzes will be extracted the main factors of migration and the main factors of the problem of reintegration.

Following these analyzes, as a second part, there will be a concrete project plan in the Municipality of Ferizaj for the creation of collective housing facilities for the integration of repatriated persons in this municipality.

The consolidations repair and/or strengthening of historical monuments is delicate operation, which is highly dependent on many factors, such as the level of damage, local conations, the ground motions, as well as the materials and the technology used for their construction. Considering the importance of the above aspects in the evaluation of the earthquake response of historical monuments, as well as the fact that their analysis cannot be performed using design codes for modern buildings, the determination of criteria, methods and techniques for consolidations ,strengthening and the process of structural restoration and preservation should be based on detailed studies, including experimental investigations and taking into account the cost effectiveness of the alternative solutions by using advanced innovative technologies and materials, following multidisciplinary approach as a basically criterions in protections of monuments and historic buildings.

Presentations deals with the design, analysis and technique of performance of seismic strengthening monuments using new composite materials (carbons).The starting point in making the decision about the concept and especially the materials for their strengthening were the experimental investigations which were performed in IZIIS within the framework of EU FP6 project PROHITECH, realized in 2006, and other investigations and experimental testing Composite materials (carbons) has been applied for three particularly important monuments in Macedonia and Kosovo, and other investigations and experimental testing on historic buildings and different new materials likes System Rofix ,,SismaCalca,, and others. As a new technique and approach –seismic isolations –will be presented with experimental investigations and applications.

The main place that every individual would go after completing their daily activities is home to relaxation.

Particular importance in living spaces is also the use of colors, the amount of lighting the type of materials used in the interior design.

Design, lighting, color occupies an important place in the psychological impact of living in a certain space. During the creation of living spaces, it is very important that one can feel happy, healthy and cozy in their homes.

The purpose of this research is to gain results based on the research carried out on how the living spaces are divided, what are human activities during the day in the living spaces and how the spaces in the human psychology affect the colors.

The changes made in family structure that reflects to the way how we live, undoubtedly changes the physical surround too, that makes dwellings vulnerable either for abandonee or for destruction in order to build a new or release the space. This occurrence mostly affects in rural zones, whereas the main focus unfortunately now days has not the required attention.

The focus of the study is mainly the rural dwelling stone structure so called “Kulla” that is settled in the west part of the Kosovo (that usually lie in the western part of Kosovo), respectively in the area of the Dukagjin plane. By computing the information about the stone structured dwellings, study aims to provide knowledge, whereas the form, plan and method of construction, simply follows a tradition for the time and place of their conceptions within the cause-consequence aspect. In this regard the social aspect of determining the form and the structure is prioritized. Therefore, regarding to the paper is chosen as a case study Kulla (Isniq village / Municipality of Deçan) in the Dukagjini region, that relates to the area that has lifelong continuity by passing different civilization and administration, but always preserving the built identity of that are.

The research is based on the analytical method, which helps in the final results.

In addition to the many advantages, here, the analysis is based mainly on two main aspects:

1. - The aspect of construction from architectural point of view.

2. - Aspect of the social impact in formation of the dwelling.

It is well known that cultural heritage is said to have never reached to now its source state. Over time they have undergone changes depending on the circumstances of the time. Changes and modifications that affect the monuments can be divided into two main groups. The first group comprises mainly privately owned buildings, especially residential buildings where the owners have made various arbitrary modifications depending on their needs. The second group includes state-owned public buildings or various religious-social communities that have served the general public.

Interventions in this group (second) were mainly carried out by the competent institutions that were obliged to preserve and promote cultural heritage. So there are times when monuments, ensembles or entire complexes have been demolished to pave the way for new urban planning with new buildings "for the general good of the population". Monuments that have survived new urban adjustments, conflicts and wars, and natural disasters, some of them have been abandoned at the mercy of time while the rest have been reused for different cultural, tourist and commercial needs.

During the reuse process the “restoration” interventions were different depending on the ultimate purpose planned for the monument. In general the preservation of the originality and the identity of the monument was the criterion that was least important during restoration-conservation and revitalization interventions. The main focus was on the new function of the monument, thus "mutilating" the original parts and elements of the monument. These modifications were made in order to change the source identity of the monument, to adopt the monument as a legacy of their culture, and to make the monument adopted for a new function as functional as possible. Of course these changes have often not been the proposals of heritage specialists and they have usually been opposed by them, but the social system and various national and commercial interests have ignored their suggestions.

In this study we will analyze some of the buildings of various public and private typologies in Prizren that have been restored and revitalized in the XX and XXI century. A brief analysis of the interventions will be made for: Archaeological Museum, Church of St. Spas, Gazi Mehmed Pasha's Hammam, Church of St. Friday, Complex of Prizren League, City Fortress, Beledije Building, Shehzada House, Complex Arasta, Shadervan Square, etc.

The way Modernism as a movement in architecture proclaimed itself in Tetova is interesting to be closely followed because the emergence and rise of modernism in the city usually was seen either as novelty which is ‘violently’ installed in the city core, or as sort of the spirit of the time but that has been delayed and as such, at the very beginning was even hated. That is why the purpose of this research is to clarify dilemmas why modernism as a movement in architecture initially delayed, and after even was hated for the wrong approach to the way it is chosen to be installed in the city. From a detailed observations of the first constructions, it is required to clarify the power of the presence of Bauhaus influence in modern constructions in Tetovo, and to follow the trajectory from which an influence of this school has been brought to the city. This paper sheds some light on the presence of the two modern phases in the city; the 'white (box) architecture' and the brutalism, both in terms of the quality of their presentation through the constructed buildings, and in the way the city changed its face from the way and the amount of modernity installed for more than five decades.

Geological characteristics and features of the earth's surface include geomorphologic forms and structural geological features of the earth's surface that have been formed by geological processes over time. They include terrestrial forms and other features that have scientific, educational, historical, cultural, aesthetic values and serve as outstanding monuments of natural beauty, earth dynamism, and ongoing environmental changes throughout history. Each country has different geological and geomorphologic features, which constitute the geoheritage of that country. This geoheritage has been created in different geological times and periods accompanied by different tectonic processes and physical, chemical, and biological alienation. Over time, the processes that take place on the earth have led to the degradation of geothermal features. This degradation requires the preservation of representative characteristics, which explain the geological process over time. The purpose of this paper is to identify, analyze, and document this geoheritage in Kosovo. Afterward, the study examines its tourism potential and perspective with the aim of protection, so that it remains as a heritage for future generations. This study sampled some of the identified geomonuments in Kosovo, analyzed their characteristics, as well as the possibility of their protection and adaptation for tourist and cultural heritage purposes. This heritage, if rediscovered, protected, and adapted for tourism purposes, can play an essential role in the socio-economic regeneration of the area where it is located.

One of the challenges in construction field in Republic of Kosovo remains the digitalization of procedures for obtaining construction permits. The Municipality of Prishtina in cooperation with University for Business and Technology- UBT has realized for the first time the digitalization of the procedure of the equipment of the first phase of the construction permit, respectively equipment with Construction Conditions. This research aims to show benefits of switching from the current method of equipment with construction conditions to new digital process, 2018 statistics of equipment deadlines, until 2019, shortening procedures in case of implementation of digitalization of the procedure, the benefit of this method and the way of awareness of citizens for using the application through the online system.

Living in a space with a socio-political turbulence over the centuries and in a post war country makes artistic expression and creation difficult, especially experiencing the art, makes it almost impossible. Balkan region, as Kosovo too is known with its handicraftsman over the centuries and it is proven for the artistic expression as a part of culture of this region. But, in a postwar statement still is struggling in a new contemporary artistic expression. That’s in many cases because of the lack of will that should provide the perspectives for the future. The objective of this study is to deal with the rising the will of interest in artistic expressions treated in a contemporary building that focuses in a relationship with artistic expression and human day life. The arguments of this study will make the principal design fulfilling the needs of the society development in an artistic expression that will enhance the capacity of artists expressions and experiencing it in a contemporary way.

Human as intens of its surrounding every time more and more connects to the enviroment. While the enviroment is strange to the nature it becomes the atribute of the human life as separated from nature. Therefore the behavior of the people starts to be against to the nature. The objective of this study is to reclaim the focus on behaving with the nature in terms of the architectural design by using the predispositons of different cultures that deals with harmonising individuals with their surrounding. One of the most aproppriate ways of being in harmony with nature is provided with Chinese geomancy “Feng Shui”. With this study shows up the inputs that can be useful in oreder to settel a proppriate connection between human produced spatial organisation and nature produced spatial organisation

This document is in the required format. The paper explores the correlation between the climate change and the evolution of settlements. For analysis we picked out the civilisation centres of the extended Mediterranean and Near East regions. Based on the comparison of the selected settlements´ development stages with the charts showing the precipitation in the respective periods, we came up with a set of seven charts covering the period between 3000 BCE and 500 CE, that compare the global precipitation with the manifestation of urban and civilisation activities. The assumption that the global climate course had an impact on the formation, development, and perishing of the ancient civilisations and their cities. When numerous factors or long-term (200 – 400 years) adverse climate conditions are combined then further deterioration may lead to a mass perishing of settlements and civilisations, such as around 2300 BCE, between 1300 – 1200 BCE, and between 400 – 500 CE. The cultures and their cities were able to resist short-term periods of climate changes. It means, that these cities must have been resilient to the short-term climate deviations and the related weather wildness and that they must have been adapted to them.

Right at the beginning the core of activities causes the core of the settlement. As the studied area represents the activities of the rural zone that shaped the overview of the neighborhood, therefore at this point of view as the interior space is linked to the building, also the building is linked or integrated to the rest of the spatial organisation. The focus of the study is mainly the rural dwelling called “Kulla” that is settled in the west part of the Kosovo (that usually lie in the western part of Kosovo), respectively in the area of the Dukagjin plane. The study focuses on the dwelling not just as an urban unit but as a determinant of the spatial organisation in a neighborhood scale. By computing the information about the dwellings, study aims to provide knowledge about the certain way of living shapes the entire neighborhood as a part of the traditional culture. Therefore, regarding the paper as case study that has been chosen the Isniq valley, where still can be read the descriptors of a rural spatial development

The article is oriented on mapping urban heat islands in the area of Prague - Capital of Czech Republic. Prague City has unique structure created by historical development from pieces of inner city green spaces and city quarters of various buildings. Prague City is build on river banks of Vltava River (Moldau) and also on nearby hills, slopes and plateaus. Inside the City is about 43% of different green spaces and many nature protected areas. Main Impact of Climate Change to Prague City is concentrated on spontaneous creation of urban heat islands, rainfall water and their drainage system, also on weather wildening inside the city. Main problems are concentrated to the Center of the city, where is historical quarter UNESCO and the river. To create a good adaptation system to climate change influence in Prague City, first of all, we create a map of vulnerability to heat in the city. Then we map the green roofs in the center of City and we will prepare reliable system of new green roofs, green spaces and rain water collecting and using system. This system will be organized as mosaic of parcs, new effective green roofs and some water reservoirs and cisterns for water supply and precipitation. The ground for it is the mentioned Map of heat islands made by Space photo collection. The main goal is to decrease number of residential areas inside heat islands and better adapt the City to Climate change.

The care for children is and should be the main part of a society. Successful periods were those that had the same care for children, starting from the family as the main cell of society, followed by school which has been and is the place where children learn and get educated, then also the state and all society institutions that at any case shouldn’t leave the attention for children behind so they can also see the paths of their future. Of course family and school have the main role in this education and teaching, because that’s where everything starts, where the healthy foundation is built and also the civic formation of children, so they can grow up healthy, educated with culture and good manners. Surely that school has the delicate role because it’s the specialized institution for their education without leaving aside the health they should have during school years, because as we know they are delicate and also need the most care. Fulfilling all the elementary conditions is necessary for them, so they can also have better achievements the place where the learning process is done needs to be as comfortable as it could get, knowing that the most common complaints they have are hurting joints, spinal axe deviation, getting tired fast, distraction, which usually come from the inadequate spaces for their age. The biggest concern is from the furniture that are not the fitted ones for a children’s body which leads to the wrong posture during teaching hours, so the purpose of this research is to find the solution of this problem for every group of age in the elementary schools of the Republic of Kosovo, so we can offer them the comfort and full health during their journey. The measurements of students are done at some cities of Kosovo and these measurements help to solve this problem.

In the Albanian area, especially in Kosovo, in recent decades there has been construction of houses with the same appearance (projects). The phenomenon of building houses with the same appearance, in addition to the elements of cultural heritage, it also includes elements of social life. The construction of such houses is happening not only because of their appearance, but also to prove social equality, which equality affects the aspect of economic life, namely the preservation of social equality in a close family, or even more wide. The phenomenon of building the same houses is more present in rural areas, but there are also cases on the suburbs. This paper will address the social and economic factors that influence the construction of the same houses, including many beliefs and superstitions, which are part of the heritage of the field of construction of residential houses over the centuries. Also, this paper will include the result of a survey conducted with 120 families who have built such houses, where most of the respondents are from the area of Rrafshi i Dukagjinit (the Plateau of Dukagjin.)

Illegal constructions are defined as settlements that do not allow its residents to enjoy their rights to a standard of living, particularly housing. Privatization Agency of Kosovo (PAK), being the administrator of the socially owned property is also responsible for the treatment of the illegal constructions, as well as illegal uses of the socially owned land and entire social property. In compliance with legal qualification such constructions cases are mainly qualified as bona fide construction when the builder didn’t know that he/she built a construction on somebody else’s land) and/or Mala fide Construction (bad faith- builder knew that he/she built on somebody else’s land). However, regardless of their legal classification and consequences in both cases, mutual agreements of the party are considered as primary solutions, be it an administrative or court proceeded. Since the year 2002, legislation is changed in Kosovo and according to the applicable law in Kosovo, the administrator of the social property in Kosovo since June 2002 is the Privatization Agency of Kosovo (PAK). In this cases, Identification of the assets/buildings build or constructed without an official permission of a respective Social Enterprise (SOE) or privatization Agency of Kosovo (PAK), by PAK are considered as illegal constructions over the property administered by PAK, and are treated as such. Is the administration and the treatment of illegal constructions in socially owned property, by the Privatization Agency of Kosovo reasonable, fair and acceptable by users of those properties? Does this process need to be changed? These are the questions that will be treated in this paperwork.

During the process of transition in our country, the Social buildings' facade/wrapper had been change in crucial forms. Applying new technology methods in buildings wrapper, was a result of sophisticated intelligent automation technology, which consist a new era technical in our country infrastructure. In our country many of the old social buildings are being replaced with modern ones as a response to the needs for new spaces with different functions' interior, meanwhile this has related also for changing the wrapper of building. The wrapper project for new or existing building, require some practical analyses outside in environment, like analyzing the background of building, the effect of other building on it, making a conversation with native people and interacting with them. All of this component are necessary required for making a sustainable architecture with a modern construction techniques. The new wrapper of social building should consist with the buildings' character, providing a long life, efficiency in all forms, reflecting safety, functionality and acceptable for different majority citizens. Also, the facade of building must observable ability to create the game's sequences for leading the citizens into location. All these messages will be transmitted to citizens through the construction's architectural language following modern trends of materials and possess qualities of dynamics surfaces and wrapper volumes of buildings, grateful to advanced smart technology which has become remarkable on those decades and challenge us in the new wrapper invention. All of these topics will be explained and elaborate in the presentation and on the template during the Conference days.

This paper aims to analyze and identify the urban vegetation and green spaces in Prishtina urban area such as; parks and green spaces, vegetation, type of trees, shrubs, urban forests and woodlands, planted public flower beds, greenway, private, public gardens and other vegetation. Urban vegetation plays an important role when it comes to cope with the challenges that are related to the urban infrastructure of 21st century. During our work we have studied vegetation in five urban green spaces in the central and northern parts of the city of Prishtina, capital Republic of Kosovo.Urban vegetation and green areas presents a complex system of natural and semi-natural areas and elements in urban areas, providing a wide range of valuable ecological functions. The emerging of the modern concept of the sustainable city raises afresh the longstanding issue of the place and role of vegetation and green space in urban and suburban areas in Kosovo. Germia park of Prishtina, presents natural beauty, aesthetic and natural resource values, which are of cultural-educational scientific and recreation importance. Urban vegetation of Prishtina is comprised of a wide variety of species such as; landscaping shrubs, urban trees, flowers, woodland, tall shrub, conifers, herbaceous and other vegetation.

The transformation and development of the conceptual idea (conceptual architectural solution) in the preliminary and main architectural project design documentation for construction is successively moving from something less defined (relatively) to something comprehensive, precise and clearly defined (materialized). In this paper is analyzed process of selected consequential and inverse research and decision-making steps which resolved architectural and other problems in the development of the process. Considering the fact that the development of architectural projects is a process of permanent consequential and inverse research on aesthetic shaping and material aspects of the architectural product, architectural construction, a key thesis of this research is that creating a good and meaningful architecture can be established and achieved based on the rule of epistemology of complex scientific knowledge, highly developed modes of operation, experiential skills and capacities to systematically explore architectural problems.

We abuse the land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see the land as a community to which we belong we may begin to use it with love and respect- is a deep thinking of Aldo Leopold. This promotes a regenerative shift in the sustainability concept, no longer only considering resources and energy, but also significant human-centric attributes and a space. This paper presents the context in which urban planners can contribute to raising the values of sustainability, attitudes and behavior in future regenerative societies, while critically analyzing 20 years of continuous profound change in the urban legal framework in our country. Finally, the task of our role in the emerging "integrative humanities’ planning" is outlined with education promoted as a essential driver in moving from sustainability to regenerative paradigms with the support of adequate legal frameworks

What makes a space successful is an intriguing question as it involves one of the most ambiguous entities of our built environment, from larger scale – urban space – to the smallest intimate space - our home and our individual room. This paper, using Space Syntax as a theory and analytical tool, through a comparative method of spatial patterns of past precedents and present case studies, examines the role of composition and configuration on making a space successful or at the contrary unsuccessful. In an era of globalization, it seems that the characteristics of various types of housing and their regional features have been forgotten, so the main focus of the research is concentrated in the residential buildings, especially analyzing and comparing some legible regional and vernacular patterns with the contemporary patterns of housing in Kosovo. Finally, the paper aims to explore and reveal patterns of space planning as a product of social, cultural, technical-technological and political constraints.

This paper focuses on the architectural and urban environment of Thrace region during the Ottoman Empire and its perceptions witnessed by Western travelers from 15th to early 20th century. Due to their expansion in the Balkans’ region, a remarkable effort was done by the Ottoman Turks to replace the Byzantine hegemony in those lands. Thrace region, herewith introduced as a case study, present an impressive number of artifacts which were planned or reorganized by the new rulers to enhance the conquered and ‘Ottomanized’ territories. Many of those artefacts disappeared in time and thanks to the travelers who left several written descriptions or sketchbooks while crossing those lands, today we can better understand the achievement reached by the Ottomans, in terms of artistic and architectural assess. Within this framework, the paper aims to highlight some of those masterpieces in Thrace as an expression of such remarkable Ottoman heritage and how the contribution of travel literature today can open new perspectives to recognize such urban and architectural environment.

Our buildings and cities are under constant pressure from destructive forces coming from fires, storms, earthquakes, flooding, and even intentional wars and terrorist attacks. These increasing threats underscore the urgent need for resiliency strategies for addressing climate- related risks or other interruptions, to maintain livable conditions in the event of these disasters. The purpose of the research is to promote and find opportunities to implement the concept of resilience in Kosovo, to respond to vulnerabilities to disaster and disruption of the normal life. It will create strategies to improve existing and future architecture and spatial planning that will make the basement for resilient community and city, and serve as a new concept to all stakeholders in the process of planning and evaluating the risks related to natural disasters.

The main function of art galleries is the promotion of fine arts. Different arts are considered as drawings, pictures, figurines, wires or installation art. Young artists dream of displaying their artwork in the gallery because it is a way to start building their career. Art worshipers visit art galleries and explore the artworks exhibited. If the artwork is good, it will gain recognition and there will be an opportunity for the artist to be well-known. Art galleries have two classifications: the exclusive and open audience. Exclusive art galleries are held for the private purpose of promoting and selling works of art. On the other hand, the public gallery is open or generally called a museum that displays artwork of renowned artists and makes them available for public viewing either temporarily or permanently. Talented people can paint, write, dance or sing mercilessly at what other people find it difficult to do. Those people who possess abilities that significantly exceed others and become great in their field are called artists. There is something that all artists want to achieve, which means their art is displayed in art galleries and made them sold.

Today the number of children playgrounds in parks in their neighborhoods is significantly smaller. This study presents some neighborhoods of the city of Pristina, whereas a comparison is taken the neighborhoods which were built before 1999 and those built after 1999. Before 1999, the city of Pristina generally had urbanized neighborhoods, but from 1999 onwards, due to political, economic, and social changes, many new neighborhoods were built, whereas a result a new organization of collective life began. , with reduced public spaces. In general, nowadays as a priority in the new neighborhoods of Pristina are parking spaces for businesses, shops, and access to buildings. Hereupon, the purpose of this study is to examine the existing cases of children's playgrounds park in different neighborhoods and compare them in the social and urban aspects to shed light on the quality and common living conditions for children.

The city, the urban space is in the process of continuous urban change, a process that is encouraged by complex structures and systems, a process that also needs to be addressed, discussed to be addressed and redirected. The topic of my study is the city center as a central and representative area of each city with, the application of spatial syntax analysis in urban research and planning. Sustainable development of a solution that can be characterized by a process in which the quality of life is developed in such a way that social and economic life is not a threat to the survival of environmental elements and ensure the improvement of their continuity. An appropriate downtown infrastructure solution that would provide a resilient center that is able to change. It is an attempt to multidisciplinary thinking as an urban phenomenon in all dimensions at once: social, ecological, economic and cultural. The process, which will be a continuation, which defines a number of steps in transforming the city for the coming decades.

In this paper will be treated the topic; Contemporary Architecture of social buildings in Pristina, during the years 2000-2015. The research aims to inform the reader about the history of architectural buildings, inspiration, time of construction, operation of the building, materials and the way of design which was used in the years in which it was built. The information obtained from the research, shows in detail the way of architectural creation of the work, as a characteristic building of the time which is rich with a series of technological and artistic features which give value to the building and represent in a dignified way the style of to whose construction the work in question belongs. In addition to the theoretical explanations which are part of the research documentation, the features of using photography as a document tool of contemporary architecture in the period 2000-2015 have been analyzed to more easily understand the features of the building in question and document the current situation.

This paper focuses on development of design program for the “Center for treatment and rehabilitation from drug and alcohol addiction” based on the statistics on substance abuse conducted by different non-governmental organizations in Republic of Kosova. Due to the fact that in Kosovo this problem has been almost neglected, the need to create such rehabilitation center that would offer shelter and help to these people is absolutely necessary. As an output of this paper will be the ideal design of this center, which correlates on its own the features of contemporary architecture. By implementing this architecture methodology in the design of this center, we aim to merge the building with the surrounding nature, which will create a positive environment and will affect in physical and psychological wellbeing of the patients. Commencing with analyzing the surveys and statistics conducted by different institutions in Kosovo and worldwide, continuing with the review of the theoretical framework on biophilic architecture, this project work will place special emphasis on development of ideal design for such rehabilitation center, always based on analysis of existing buildings that apply such design.

The demolition scene with explosives of the Pruitt-Igoe 1 buildings in St. Louis, Missouri, was part of the American experimental documentary film "Life out of Balance". The complete and utter destruction of a massive modern housing project seen in the video inspired me to search for the truth behind the scenes. Even though designed by Minoru Yamasaki 2 and inspired by Le Corbusier and the CIAM 3 , the Pruitt-Igoe project underwent modifications by public housing authority that eventually resulted in changes during the design and construction phase. Incomplete implementation of Yamasaki's initial design and many subsequent revisions of the project transformed Pruitt-Igoe from an ideal public housing model to a site of despair, failure, and ultimate destruction. Financial restrictions in construction, racial segregation, a high crime rate, as well as clashes between different groups, also contributed to the demise of the project.

Technology development and change of the family structure are the factors, which have influenced the need to change functional aspect of the multi-family apartments. As a result, there is a need to adapt existing buildings. In these cases, the issue is more complicated in existing multi-family apartments, which do not possess structural longevity, and especially in cases where it cannot be achieved through certain interventions. In sustainable architecture most important elements are; structural longevity and functional longevity. Interventions have been proposed in the existing multi-family apartments, which possess a skeletal construction system. The skeletal system is known as a suitable constructive system, especially when it comes to flexibility in architecture. The changes were made based on the average number of inhabitants that lives in residential units. In order to achieve the necessary flexibility have helped the extensions that have been attached to the building, without losing its architectural identity.

The previous government found that e-business of public institutions, especially in the implementation of laws directly related to urban planning, investment and construction of buildings includes 4 key laws: Law on Construction Land, Law on Construction of Buildings, Law on Spatial and Urban Planning, Law on Cadastre and real estate. These are the foundations on which software solutions have been made for the implementation of legal proceedings in these areas. All this has led to being country ranked 10th out of 190 countries in the world on the Doing Business list in 2019. This system enables an efficient, transparent and unified way of acting of all competent bodies and entities according to the most modern standards, in the shortest possible time based on the submitted document-request. After those years of application of this system, this paper deals with a critical analysis of the current implementation and recording of possible weaknesses

In this study, the influence of blast furnace content on the magnesium sulfate resistance of the perlite geopolymer mortars was investigated. For the purpose, perlite was activated with 10M NaOH solution and blast furnace slag was replaced by perlite in three different proportions according to the CaO/SiO2 oxide ratio. The ultrasound pulse velocity, flexural strength (ffs) and compressive strength, water absorption, and magnesium sulfate durability of the geopolymer mortars were investigated. The test results indicated that the blast furnace slag improved the mechanical properties and the magnesium sulfate resistance of the perlite geopolymer mortars.

The historical city center and its surroundings in Pristina have an important urban texture remaining from the Ottoman Period, which are of great importance in terms of urban identity. Despite this, this area has undergone a great change within the scope of modern urban approaches, especially during the Yugoslavia Period (1945-1999). The areas considered as wear down or dysfunctional have been demolished while institutional facilities, public squares and cultural facilities have been built in those areas. Other areas of the city are full of unplanned buildings. High-rise building, neglect of old houses ones, restorations on the basis of parcels and wrong applications of these restorations have increased the destruction in the cultural area. With the boundaries of the historical area being still undetermined, the problem of protection is getting worse and deeper. Although some cultural monuments that have survived to the present day have been partially preserved, in Kosovo, the tradition of preserving cultural heritage in urban scale as well as treating it wıth an integrated approach has not evolved enough. This phenomenon is seen strikingly in the example of Pristina. This study focuses on the historical district of the city of Pristina. It focuses on the changes of the city of Pristina in the time-space context, while the cultural heritage of the city is treated in relation to the urban whole. In this context, within the scope of Urban Protection - Cultural Heritage - Urban Identity - Planning relations, it is aimed to identify the problems related to the conservation of the historical city center of Pristina and to develop suggestions for the protection of the urban sites and cultural heritage.

Early childhood education has a special importance among all other education processes because development is shaped at a large extent during the 0-6-year period of children. Even though preschool education is the basis that determines the success of students in further education, this level has not been treated with priority in educational policies in Kosovo. This is best evidenced by the challenges faced by preschool education, including: inadequate distribution of preschool institutions in the country, small number of public preschool institutions, lack of appropriate infrastructure for children's age, not offering 24/7 services and daily care, lack of didactic and expendable materials which are needed to organize activities where they enable learning through games. This study aims to conduct research and practice design solutions for kindergarten including a group of children with disability and nursing homes for elderly. For children to meet their intellectual and spiritual needs, this project will provide services and care in intergenerational classes, with the opportunity to interact with elderly. Also, because of the dynamics of the lives of two parents, who are facing work-related emergencies, this project will offer the opportunity to bring their children and parents to 24-hour care. Solving this problem will meet their daily needs of children, parents and elderly generation. The motive of this study is to connect young and old in symbiosis with all the services, needs and care. This place will be a home for everyone where they can live in complete peace as a family, without worries and problems.

The mountainous region of "Reka e Epërme" lies in the northwestern part of northern Macedonia, between Gostivar and Dibra, and includes the upper reaches of the Radika River. The roof system-bondruku / contemporary / is one of the most attractive construction systems for individual family residential construction. Unfortunately, in our country, it is still very little sought after and unattractive. Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan, (March 7, 1872 - February 1, 1944) was a Dutch painter and theorist considered one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. He is known to be one of the pioneers of 20th-century abstract art, as he changed his artistic direction from figurative painting to an increasingly abstract style until he reached a point where his artistic vocabulary was reduced to elements simple geometric. In the ceilings of many houses in "Reka e Epërme", as well as in the painting of stairs and areas, cupboards, and some other spaces, we find the art of Piet Mondrian as a color combination of colors.

Two thousand years ago, Roman author and architect, Vitruvius (c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC) insisted that all buildings should have three attributes: firmitas (strength), utilitas (utility), and venustas (beauty). While the first two components are precisely defined, third one, because of its artistic features, is relatively undefined and the topic of many discussions between different theorists even nowadays. Starting from the point of view that the architectural form is not simply the manifestation of geometric shapes that participated on the composition, but also the nature of materials, textures, light and many other components, the focus of this paper is to highlight and define the potential of basic geometric shapes (Platonic Solids) on the overall esthetic communication of the architectural form. In this context, has been analyzed the opus of one of the most significant architects of nowadays, Tadao Ando, who is notable for shaping his buildings using very pure geometrical shapes.

Many businesses have used different methods to present their interior design products and one of the most important ones is the use of Photography to present the product in digital and physical catalogs. We will look at how products are presented through computer- generated images. Through this study is investigated, the impact of 3D performance to expose the product model, as well as a brief history of the photograph and how it is used to present the product, problems encountered during the use of photographs to present the product are discussed design and how new technologies have enabled us to solve these problems. It also mentions what these technologies are and how they can be used to promote our product modeling.

Professional education is a type of education that prepares people to work in certain professions, e.g. in trade, handicrafts, techniques, or professions such as engineering, accounting, nursing, medicine, architecture, etc. Craft professions are usually based on manual or practical activities, and are traditionally non-academic but are usually related to a particular activity or profession. Professional education is commonly considered career education or technical education. It is concerning for Kosovo to have such a large number of inactive young people who are not employed, do not attend education or training. In 2019 there were 106.950 young people aged (15 to 24) who made up 31.7% of the young population, 54.4 thousand are females and 52.5 thousand are males who are out of school. This research aims to reflect the performance of professional schools. So how do they work, what they address, what are their goals, how do they increase awareness among uneducated citizens? This project will serve the people and the municipality, creating an innovative, educational, working space, which is followed by the generation of new jobs, the creation of staff for work, which will directly serve the economic, educational development of the city of Prizren. The professional school created by the demands of the citizens will serve them as a new beginning for education and employment, where after attending this school the young people will be adequate workers in various fields such as: kitchen, machinery, electrician, technologist, salesman, agronomist, welding, maintenance and repair, etc. The topic of this paper is of special importance for the people of Prizren and the south region of Kosovo as a whole, as there is no such school in this region.

The focus of this research is to implement the smart city methodology and develop smart city indicators for Prishtina, as capital city of Kosova, in order to develop a reference model for monitoring the success of Kosovo large cities in the future. Starting that as notion, “SMART” as for the cities is very young and not available in real Development Plans, therefore and Governing of the cities in Kosovo, this is of importance for the future of Prishtina and other main Kosovo cities. The purpose of the research is to determine/evaluate the development of smart city indicators for Prishtina through six dimensions of the smart city model: smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment and smart living. The smart city indicators are based on publicly accessible data and easily available sources, evaluate their comparative advantages. In addition, web scraping techniques were used to obtain data that are not available from public sources. The main results of the research include an assessment of the smart urban development index and ranking of cities according to the degree of urban development. Measures for promoting smart development would have to be proposed to city policy- makers. The research results have implications for increasing rationality in the use of local public resources.

The purpose of this manuscript is to make this manuscript applicable and functional in practice. The basis for starting the design of this project is MDP - Lipjan, the decision of M.A. Lipjan for the formation of EZ. EZs are suitable physical spaces and objects in a well- controlled and managed environment, in a convenient location, which is a very important element in the development of enterprises of a country. Thus, EZs are also measuring instruments of the economic development of the country. The economic benefit of building the Economic Zone would be manifold. If it is assumed the full utilization of its capacity, with the creation of new jobs, the establishment of the economy in all sectors of the economic development of Lipjan, to this fact must be added the raising of the standard of living. The basic goal of spatial planning and regulation is to create a suitable environment for achieving the vision and strategic priorities for economic development, through an active and systematic cooperation with all actors and development factors operating in the Municipality of Lipjan. In this study, it is presented a description of the profile of the Municipal Assembly - Lipjan, in many aspects, as the identification and description of the problem on the establishment of the EZ, the relevant conditions and laws for the establishment of the EZ, analysis of the MDP, EIA, as well as the spatial planning of that part for the formation of the EZ.

Urban planning plays a key role in the global response to climate change and its impact on water resources. Therefore, the management of water resources and their consideration in sustainable urban planning is a challenge for planners, which will be increasingly emphasized in the future. In this paper, by comparing the current situation in the city of Gostivar in R.N.Macedonia and the planned situation with the General Urban Plan, the possibilities for greater respect for water resources in urban development are perceived. It is concluded that, for the specific case in urban planning, there are opportunities to improve water resources management, as an important segment of sustainable urban development. It is recommended that the management of water resources in urban areas be fully integrated into the urban planning process, in order to create conditions for sustainable urban development.

This research was carried out using qualitative research methods to explore the phenomenon of creative clusters and their relationship to urban image formation in the city. Based on relevant literature, the influence of creative industries on various urban socio- economic factors is analyzed. The impact on economic growth, innovation and the demand for livability of creative urban districts is discussed. The results indicate that the studied city is about to make a shift towards new approach by incorporating design and knowledge into its urban image. In this way, the studied city participates in the creative knowledge economy and radiates this by following the trend of creative clusters. The purpose of the city’s marketing strategy is to inspire economic growth by recruiting creative and knowledge-based workers capable of providing innovative novel products and services. Within this strategy the creative cluster model is used as motivational drive for engaged workers, community members and investors. The ultimate goal related to the city image is the acknowledgment of interested parties concerned with the excitement and progressiveness of the city in terms of creativity and innovation. The ways in which a specific urban zone is used for the whole city image are primarily directed to attracting international attention and recognition, with the ultimate prospect of better positioning in the global market of cities and the overarching knowledge economy.

The housing sector in Kosovo is facing the same challenges as other post-communist countries during the transition period. The migration of the population from rural areas to suburban urban areas, led to the development of rapid trends in the construction of residential buildings in co-ownership. The lack of capacities in the relevant municipal directorates for fast provision of sustainable urban planning, led to the construction of many residential buildings in co-ownership, without construction conditions and without construction permits. Institutional delays in establishing and harmonizing procedures in the planning and construction process, such as the Municipal Development Plan, Urban Development Plan, Urban Regulatory Plans, were indicators for the development of numerous construction processes without construction conditions, without construction permits, and especially in the construction of residential buildings in co-ownership. This process has degraded the property market and affected the precarious possession of property because illegal buildings cannot be registered in the cadastre or legally transferred, used or used as collateral. The problem of illegal construction in Kosovo is a phenomenon that requires treatment. This phenomenon is not only present in our country, but affects the entire region and beyond, which according to statistics throughout the Western Balkans is considered to be over 2 million illegal constructions. The process of legalization of residential buildings in joint ownership, aims to treat illegally constructed buildings throughout the territory of the Republic of Kosovo, to provide these buildings with the legalization certificate and to carry out the process of registration of buildings in the Cadastre and Register of Immovable Property Rights. This Legalization process should be developed with the aim of creating simplified legalization procedures, free taxes to help citizens enjoy their property rights. Owners will realize benefits from their property which will be legalized and will increase economic development in the country and in households. The realization of the legalization process and the placement of these properties in ownership certificates by all these owners of illegal constructions, will increase the absolute value of household income. The Government would also benefit from legalization, which would collect property tax revenues. The realization of this legalization process within a time frame as soon as possible, will solve the problem for hundreds of families and at the same time will put into circulation billions of euros. This means economic development of the Republic of Kosovo.

Cities are under the rapid urban development, somewhere even without adequate urban planning! As cities are growing, less open spaces as “spaces for all” are there, more inhabitants as multi- cultural and multi- social value are there!  High density everywhere (lack of open space)  Dominant high-rise buildings (lack of human scale)  Low rate of interrelation between urban units (lack of urban functionality) Because of the fact that public space is not static- it evolves over the time; in the cities of Kosova, urban functionality and the meaning of the public space is a problematic issue, knowing that most of the cities didn’t have continual urban planning as a result of urbocide (urban-genocide) that Serbia has made systematically during the years there! So, developing adequate public urban spaces (functional and aesthetical values) meant that they should promote community involvement, because of their unique character and because of the fact that public space is considered as “incomparable teacher” of social skills and attitudes for all categories of citizens there!

The purpose of this study is to reveal how the phenomenon of redevelopment is affecting the historical urban layers of the city of Tirana and expecially the transformation of the city center. The National Theatre of Albania, builded under Albanian monarchy, by the italian company Patter Milano, the project was designed by Gulio Berte, italian architect. is part of this transformation, even though it faced a vibrant opposition, capable to have a repercursion in all the city and to other social movements connected to the right for housing. The demolition of the National Theatre opens many investigative questions, and on the future of the city, seriously affecting the nearby neighborhoods - now-days under gentrification process. Through a mixed design of the urban layers the research brings anexplanatory methodology based on field observations and interviews. Results of the study shows that the process of the city center transformation is causing social, economical and cultural effects. During this redevelopment process, there have been losts important urban footprints by affecting the historical inhabitants and conseguetly the rights under adequate housing definition, such is tenure right and cultural adequacy.

In the municipality of Albanik, there are ruins of a settlement of the Roman period known as the Municipium DarDanorum. Municipium DD., Belongs to the Illyrian-Roman Antiquity, with a very favorable geographical, geostrategic position, near the lower course of the river Ibar, with fertile lands and mountainous areas rich in abundant ores and forests that gave it importance and a great economic, political and ecclesiastical development of this city. Municipiumi DD, constitutes the triangle of communication between Ulpiana and Skup, providing also trade routes which passed through Dardania during the ancient and medieval period. In the area of Municipium DD, there are the ruins of the Illyrian-Roman Forum, the Basilica and many mural fragments in an area of about 30 ha. The ancient settlement of Municipium DD is of great importance as in the course of the river Ibar in the territory of Kosovo is the only one and offers good opportunities for many visitors "if that part of the territory of Kosovo would be managed by state institutions and be created complete security.