Agriculture, Food Science and Technology

Raspberries fruits (Rubus idaeus L.) as important part of our diet are known for their sensory and nutritional characteristics, because of high content of essential nutrients that are beneficial for biological activity in human health. A high consumption of plant foods, such as raspberries, appears to decrease the risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and overall mortality. It can also promote a healthy complexion, increased energy, and overall lower weight. Nutritional quality was analyzed through by chemical parameter of fresh raspberry samples from plantation in Kosovo area at the ripe stage. The following quality parameters were determined in the raspberry’s fruits: pH, dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS/◦Brix), total acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, total sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose, vitamin C, protein, and lipids. Results can be used to inform potential raspberry farmers about the nutritional qualities and consumer preferences for raspberries. The rich nutritional composition of the studied fruits makes them a very special diet. All statistical analysis performed using the MS Excel program and SPSS 22.0 statistics software.

The concentration of cholesterol in three types of eggs has been analyzed through the enzymatic method. The types of analyzed eggs were: conventional, pastured and organic. Thirty five samples were analyzed, the sampling has been random, and the cholesterol analysis was done by GENESYS 10S UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Analyzes have been conducted in research laboratories of the University for Business and Technology (UBT) - Kosovo. The average of the obtained results indicates a slightly lower cholesterol concentration in the type of pasture raised eggs compared to other types.

Food packaging has many aims starting form-providing food to consumers and consumers in comfortable way to buy and eat, to protect food from microbiological, chemical and physical damage along providing necessary information to consumers and marketers and other actors about food content and origin. Along protection by packaging materials there is a risk of migration of some chemical compounds into food, which depends on various factors. However, not all costumers are aware of the importance of food packaging and the risk from the packaging materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate costumer’s knowledge and attitudes about food packaging and food packaging materials, in Prishtina region. The study used questionnaire survey, with closed questions with about 280 respondents by face-to-face interviewing, buying packaged foods in supermarkets and retail stores in Pristina.

The research resulted that 45% of costumers in Pristina are not aware of the risk of food packaging. During shopping, most of costumers were attracted by and focused on the shape, design and color of the packaging and less on potential risks. Based on the results we conclude that promotion on food labeling and packaging awareness about potential risks should be strengthened.

Verbascum Thapsus, a common medicinal plant, is used as anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic and in treatment of tracheitis and bronchitis [1, 2, 3, 4]. The goal of the present work was to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Verbascum thapsus scavenging capacity, ferrous ion chelating activity and reducing power were used to determine the antioxidant properties of the Verbascum thapsus extract. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by using agar well diffusion method. According to the antioxidant results, the IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activity of the plant extract was 2033.33 ± 0.03 µg/ml. The ferrous ion chelating as ihibition effect was observed to be 97.25% for a concentration of 400 µg/ml. The reducing power activity of the plant extract was determined as 0.6857 µg/ml. Overall, the antioxidant results showed that Verbascum thapsus extract had good antioxidant activity. In addition, the antibacterial activity of Verbascum thapsus extract was determined against one gram negative (Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)) and four gram positive (Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SBT8), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633)) bacteria. The results showed that Verbascum thapsus extract had the highest antibacterial effect against S. cerevisiae (SBT8), mild effect against the other bacteria except B. cereus, while the plant extract had no inhibitory effect against B. subtilis (ATCC 6633).

The main objective of this research was to determinate the vitamins A and E in fodder concentrate and raw cow milk from region of Kumanovo, Macedonia. As material for this research, samples of feed and samples of cow's raw milk from the cattle fed with the same food were taken. The test material was taken from a farm in the region of Kumanovo. Vitamins А and Е have been examined with the methodology of extraction on HPLC – Perkin Elmer, pump: series 200LC, auto sampler; ISS – 200, detector LC – 135/LC -235 C DA. The amount of vitamin A in fodder concentrate was 7.5438 mcg/100 g, while the amount of vitamin E was 23.115 mcg/kg. The amount of vitamin A in raw cow milk from region of Kumanovo was 30 mcg/100g, while the amount of vitamin E was 0.86 mcg/100g.

Milk together with their dairy products due to their healthy components and benefits are most useful products in the worlds especially in Kosovo. However, the quality of milk and dairy products sometimes it makes to hesitate people to use them in their diet. The objective of this study is to analyze the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in different dairy products such as: cheese heard and semi soft cheese, whey, yoghurt as well as and milk as a starter product of all of these products. Traditional methods with plates and special media have been used to analyze LAB and their diversity, 16S rRNA sequence has been used to identify the culture of LAB. Results show that different species of LAB are shown. Most dominant culture is species from lactococcus groups followed by lactobacillus and enterococcus. This study shows that diversity of LAB in different of dairy products exists.

The increasingly normative severity and market competitiveness have led the agriculture sector and the food industry to constantly look for logic improvements that can be applied in processes monitoring systems. In a context where fast, non-destructive and reliable techniques are required, image analysis-based methods have gained interest, thanks to their ability to spatially characterize heterogeneous samples. In such a scenario, HyperSpectral Imaging (HSI) is an emerging technique that provides not only spatial information of imaging systems, but even spectral information of spectroscopy. The utilization of the HSI approach opens new interesting scenario to quality control logics in agricultural and food processing/manufacturing sectors.

Three different case studies are presented in this paper. In particular, the utilization of an HSI system, working in SWIR range, was applied for: i) detecting contaminants in dried fruits to be packaged, ii) identifying olive fruits attacked by olive fruit flies and iii) recognizing flour type.

In particular, the proposed approach is based on the application of Partial Least Squares – Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) classification method to HyperSpectral images in Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) range (1000-2500 nm). The proposed case studies demonstrate that this logic can be successfully utilized as a quality control system on agri-food products coming from different manufacturing stages, but it can even be seen as an analytical core for sorting engines.

The aim of presented study is determination of heavy metals on honey samples with different botanic origin produced by Kosovo farmers and as well as the comparison of gathered results with the specific environmental conditions, with particular emphasis on industrial and agricultural areas where the concentration of heavy metals is expected to be higher than at forester areas. Concentrations of thirty-four heavy metals were investigated in 30 different honey sample but are reported only the most important elements. For this reason inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques is used. All metals were detected in 78.49% of the honey samples. Values of pH for tested honey samples shows that they are all acidic, with range of pH values from 3.41 to 4.97, with mean value of pH 4.07 ± 0.33. The most abundant element in investigated honey was resulted to be Mg (44.831 mg kg^-1), followed by Al (12.013 mg kg^-1), Fe (8.859 mg kg^-1), Zn (4.814 mg kg^-1), Mn (3.378 mg kg^-1), Cr (2.472 mg kg^-1), Se (1.599 mg kg^-1) and Cu (1.105 mg kg^-1), the mean of others elements was less than 1 mg kg^-1 (Co, Ni, As, U and Cd). Neither of the analyzed samples has been found the presence of any of the lead isotopes: 206, 207 or 208. In general, the heavy metal concentration in investigated honey samples collected in regions of Kosovo generally fit international standards but concentration of heavy metals in honey samples is strongly depended by environmental conditions.

Parasites found in freshwater fishes are primarly protozoans, myxozoans, helminth (platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans), hirudineans and crustaceans. Although both ectoparasites and endoparasites are common in fishes, internal parasites are able to cause much greater damage to their hosts than external parasites.

Over the years, cage culture has become one of the economically viable methods of large-scale production of high-value food fishes. Although, cage farming has many economic advantages, diseases are one of the major limiting factors to the successful production.

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of parasite fauna in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L. 1758) from fish cage system on Tikvesh reservoir (Macedonia). A total of 206 specimens of common carp from this fish cage system were examined for parasitological investigations. Infestation with parasite was determined in 121 specimens (58.74 %).

In common carp from this reservoir, the presence of 5 parasite species was established: Trichodina sp., Dactylogyrus extensus, Eudiplozoon nipponicum, Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis and Ergasilus sieboldi.

In confined conditions such as cages where the stocking density is very high and the resultant stress might act as conductive factor for pathogens to cause diseases. High stocking densities coupled with fluctuations in environmental conditions and/or stress can favor parasite proliferation leading to significant mortalities in net-cage-reared fishes.

Cement manufacturing is one of the leading energy consuming and heavy pollutant processes which is accountable for CO2, NOX, SO2 emissions and some heavy metal discharge from the pre-calciner kiln system. In past few decades there has been an enormous amount of researches to reduce the energy and environmental cost by using alternative fuel and raw material. In recent years utilization of alternative fuels in cement manufacturing has gained a wide attention due to its effectiveness in substituting the thermal energy requirement from fossil fuels and reducing the pollutant emission. Alkaline environment, high temperature and long residence time allow rotary kiln to burn a wide range of waste and hazardous material. Recent development on the usage of alternative fuels in cement industry is presented in this paper and many of the research articles relevant to this study is reviewed and discussed. Studies on the impact of alternative fuels on environmental emission have also been included in this review. This paper provides a thorough understanding and status of alternative fuels and their usage in cement industry and highlights their positive impact on environment. This study offers a guideline for planning and implementing alternative fuel usage in cement industry around the world, particularly in Australia. The paper revealed that meat and bone meal (MBM) could be the best alternative fuel option with a substitution rate of 40%.

The aim of this paper was to analyze the economic efficiency of beef farms in Kosovo and Albania. It’s a descriptive and quantitative survey and the random sampling technique was used to select the respondents, in Kosovo 35 farms, managing mainly Simmental breed; and in Albania 19 farms, mainly Holstein and beef breeds crossbred. Two methods of data analysis were used, namely: descriptive statistics, and gross margin analysis. Data on: meat production, farm expenses and returns, fodder production, and feed bought in the market for each farm were recorded during the first half of 2016. In Kosovo, the Gross Margin per Calf is 230.13 Euro, the price of meat sold 2.32 Euro/kg and the slaughtered weight 517,88 Kg; while in Albania these figures are 173.10 Euro, 2.6 Euro/kg and 277.89, respectively. It is a must that extension service to train the farmers for better: management of their farm, feeding system, fodder production, animal health etc.

Milk, in addition to providing chemical, physical, organoleptic and microbiological quality, must be free of prohibited substances, including antibiotics. The study was conducted on several Kosovo farms, including 36 fresh milk samples for the purpose of investigating the presence of Beta-lactams, specifically Ampicillin in milk. The presence of Beta-lactam (Ampicillin) was determined in the laboratory of the Food and Veterinary Agency using the ELISA Test Kit. Analysis of 36 milk samples showed that 31 samples or 86% had no presence of Ampicillin while 5 samples or 14% resulted in presence of Ampicillin. Although 14% of the samples proved positive, however, the ampicillin levels were not higher than 4 ug / kg which represents the maximum level permitted, which indicates that although samples that resulted positive in the presence of ampicillin, however their amount was within the allowed legal norms that regulate this issue. Abstract. Milk, in addition to providing chemical, physical, organoleptic and

The amount of somatic cells decreases the quality of milk and have an economic impact because in Kosovo the price of milk depends on the amount of somatic cells. The study was conducted on dairy farms in Prishtina region in period of the 6 months of 2019, including 1525 samples of fresh milk from average 254 farms per month. Detection of somatic cells was performed by Fossomatic ™ Minor, which works according to the Flouro Optico Electronic Method. From the analyzes obtained, the amount of somatic cells in milk samples categorized in the extra and first category was 54% while in the second and third category it was 46%. Reduction of extra category samples from 53.60% to 38.38% during June and reduction of third category from 50.15% to 36.8% in January indicates the influence temperature on the development of microorganisms in mammary gland and increasing the amount of somatic cells.

Formation of complexes between protein and polyphenols in beer is the reason for haze formation. By decreasing the content of protein or the content of polyphenols or both of them is possible to decrease the possibility of haze in beer and can reduce the size of molecules and polyphenols. The stability of beer is determined by the methods of forcing Test (0/60). At the same time there are checked the basic parameters of beer such as: alcohol, extract, acidity, foam, turbidity, color and pH value. High level of beer stability are shown by combined treatment of PVPP and silica gel. Depending of desired shelf life on colloidal haze there is possible to use different combinations for beer treatment with PVPP and silica gel.

This paper examines monitoring of the drinking water in the urban area of the Prizren town. The Prizren town is supplied by forty wells (underground springs). The distribution network of drinking water pipes is of the sixties, pipes are constructed of different materials such as: steel, asbestos and polyethylene. The obtained results from this study work will serve to assess the quality of drinking water based on some physico-chemical parameters. We checked the quality of water during March 2019, at five locations (FOUNTAINHEAD -SOURCES) in the first and second areas of the town. The analyzes made show that the quality of drinking water is 99% in accordance with the parametric values.

The use of the word "juice" to mean "aquatic part of fruit or vegetable" was first recorded in the early 14th century. Fruit juice, concentrated fruit juice, dehydrated fruit juice, fruit nectar. Liquids are produced from concentrate and cigars This paper gives a fruit-based fluid production and microbiological monitoring activity, not neglecting the physico-chemical. The process of producing fruit-based juices, even of different kinds ranging from peaches, strawberries, dresses, oranges, apples, blueberries, etc., is based on the process of pasteurization as the main process that enables quality production. Dense and clear liquids are produced depending on whether the concentrate or the puree is used for their production. The water used for production also plays an important role, coming from subsoil irrigation with a radius of about 80 m, the water being subjected to Ozone treatment and disinfection. In the process of producing fruit-based juices and different concentrations of JAFFA champions under “Fluid” LLC. It is worth noting that production is controlled and monitored in microbiological and physico-chemical terms. The methods applied during the manufacturing process are environmentally friendly since the use of additives is zero. To achieve high quality production even more importantly they have been strictly implemented in accordance with the HACCP Principles and ISO Standards.

Anti-inflammatory effects of coffee consumption have been reported to be caused by caffeine and adenosine receptor signaling. However, contradictory effects have been observed. Many kinds of chronic diseases are linked to inflammation; therefore a profound understanding of potential effects of coffee consumption is desirable. We performed ex vivo experiments with eight individuals investigating peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from venous blood before and after coffee consumption, as well as in vitro experiments applying caffeine on isolated cells. After in vitro inflammatory stimulation of the cells, released cytokines, chemokines and eicosanoids were determined and quantified using targeted mass spectrometric methods. Remarkably, the release of inflammation mediators IL6, IL8, GROA, CXCL2, CXCL5 as well as PGA2, PGD2, PGE2, LTC4, LTE4 and 15S-HETE was significantly affected after coffee consumption. While in several individuals coffee consumption or caffeine treatment caused significant down-regulation of most inflammation mediators, in other healthy individuals exactly the opposite effects were observed. Ruling out age, sex, coffee consumption habits, the metabolic kinetics of caffeine in blood and the individual amount of regulatory T-cells or CD39 expression as predictive parameters, we demonstrated here that coffee consumption may have significant pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in an individual fashion.

The aim of our research was to determine the quality of raw cow’s milk in three regions of Kosova through total bacteria count (TBC), somatic cell count (SCC) and physico-chemical parameters. A total of 120 samples were collected from farms during the period January – June 2019. Microbiological evaluation was conducted based on the definition of total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC). Also, physico-chemical parameters tested include fat, protein, lactose, Solid Non Fat (SNF), total solids content (TS), freezing point depression (FPD), density and acidity ^oSH. The obtained results showed that TBC count was: in Peja Region 21/120, in Gjakova region 61/120 and in Prizreni region 41/120 samples belonged to the III class. The SCC count was: in Peja region 54/120, in Gjakova region 45/120 and in Prizreni region 62/120 samples belonged to the III class. In positive samples were also found changes of the physical-chemical parameters.

The higher standard of life has also raised the market demand for variety of products while impacting the producers’ behavior in regards to marketing. One of the ways the producers offer and present to customers their products is through label advertising. Raised awareness among customers has made possible the demand for higher quality products, but are higher quality products being offered to citizens? This research has analyzed the food legislative framework, food product samples were analyzed, few local and international food shops were visited, and one to one interviews were conducted with consumers. Based on the results of the research, much remains to be desired from what is offered to the citizens by the producers, in the advertising label products they put tempting pictures for the consumer to buy the product, but not the true makeup of the product.

Fruit juice is an important product for humans as it is rich in minerals and vitamins.

Development of quantitative and qualitative parameters, respecting all criteria and regulations set by laws for the production and processing of qualitative fluids.

The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of cherry fruit juices in Gjilan/Gnjilane, where the analyzes were carried out by the production company, respecting the standards and methods set by the European Union.

Juice samples were taken at the Juice Factory "Frutomania" and "Jaffa" in Gjilan. for analysis fruit juices were selected. In the aforementioned product juices the physico-chemical properties were determined in periods of 3 to 6 months.

Sampling was done according to the method of Codex Alimentarius

For the determination of sugar and pH and vitamin C, a sample was taken for analysis.

Total sugar 14.68%, while pH 2.89. vitamin C 7.42, mg / lit, fruit juices are obtained by squeezing the fruit by removing the inedible parts of “Frutamanija”, by Fludi “Jaffa” in syrup in the concentrate content brix / sugar value 8.5 and pH 2.79 vitamins C 8.8 mg / lit.

RpL35/uL29 is member of large subunits. It is shown that RpL35/uL29 participate in different processes in diseases and development. It is shown that RpL35/uL29 is important for ribosome mature. Many authors show that RpL35/uL29 is good indicator for diagnosis. Here we will described role and function of ribosomal protein RpL35/uL29 in different cancer diseases such as colorectal adenocarcinoma and atherosclerosis.

This work has been done for the purpose of new medicine or drug identification which should substitute many antibiotics from which nowadays many bacteria are developing immunity. Therefore, the main purpose of this work has been the synthesis of some new components which would contribute at some point in our country as well. Acrylic acid (IUPAC: propenoic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH₂=CHCOOH. It is the simplest unsaturated carboxylic acid, consisting of a vinyl group connected directly to a carboxylic acid terminus. This colorless liquid has a characteristic acrid or tart smell. It is miscible with water, alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. While the carbamoyl derivatives are the univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid. We have used derivatives of various heterocyclic compounds such as amine and maleic anhydride to synthesized dhe carbamoyl derivatives of acrilic acid.

The making of this work has been done in three phases: In the first part we will summaries some of the most important recent research, in the part of new carbamoyl derivatives of acrylic acid. İn the second part we will have given the results of our research which contain the new component synthesis whose structure will be defined according to spectral data: IR, ¹HNMR, and ¹³CNMR. İn the third part we will describe in detail the experimental conditions of new components synthesis and their spectroscopic properties.

In this study, we provide the evidence of water pollution with the bacteria in two rivers in Kosovo. They are selected because of the similarity in length, source of pollution and both of them are protected by the law for nature heritage value. Kosovo has an environmental legislation in line with the European law and directives on water resources protection and water protection but this is not what’s happening in practice. Some areas which are declared as protected areas according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature: category I and V are not being protected from degrading. Physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis of river water shows us that they are highly contaminated with organic matter but also with bacteria. On most of the areas, pollution with heterotrophic bacteria was in very high level. Also the result s showed us that on most of these areas the fecal pollution was very high except for the first kilometers of the source. The Quality of the water is very bad and the ecological status of the rivers is bad as well.

ter is very bad and the ecological status of the rivers is bad as well.

ost of the areas, pollution with heterotrophic bacteria was in very high level. Also the result s showed us that on most of these areas the fecal pollution was very high except for the first kilometers of the source. The Quality of the water is very bad and the ecological status of the rivers is bad as well.

Ornamental plants are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, house plants, for cut flowers, ect. Besides, ornamental plants play important role in human health, medicinal plants and food plants. Floriculture is a branch of horticulture that deals with the cultivation, processing and marketing of ornamental plants. Floriculture includes annual (seasonal), biennial and perennial ornamentals, such as cacti and other succulents, trees, shrubs, climbers, bulbous plants, lawn and ornamental grasses, foliage, bedding, pot and house plants.With the continuous development of greenhouse technology, and advances in plant biotechnology, transportation conditions, and marketing strategies, floriculture has reached a historical maximum hub of activity and competitiveness. This paper will illustrate the research being done with various ornamental species, show the continuum from exploration to the market place, for some type of ornamental plants in Kosovo. Floriculture in Kosovo includes seasonal plants (Begonia sp.,Viola x tricolor, Petunia sp. Tagetes sp.), biennial and perennial ornamentals, trees (Tilia sp., Catalpa sp., Platanus sp.), shrubs, climbers, conifrious plants (Roses sp. Thuja sp. Berberis sp.), ect. The production of rose seedlings in Kosovo started in the years 1975/76, and currently 20-25 cultivars are produced, this production has increased and in 2017 it reaches 70-90 thousand seedlings per year.

Intensity of food cultivation plays role on quantity and quality of nutrition content. To increase accuracy on nutrition intake is important to know the differences on nutrition content of vegetables cultivated in different areas and environments. The purpose of this research is to compare vegetables cultivated in two Kosovo regions, and those grown in greenhouses and on open fields, by measuring the amount of sucrose, ascorbic acid and metals. To determine those values we used Brix (0Bx) method and direct titration method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results shows that values of sucrose in tomatoes is approximately the same, non significante difference, in both regions. In peppers the value of sucrose in the open field is higher in Anamorava region by + 4.1 0Bx (Brix degree) comparing with Dukagjini region, and in the greenhouse Anamorava region is smaller -2.1 0Bx comparing with Dukagjini region (6.6 0Bx). While the brix degree (0Bx ) in potatoes on open field in Anamorava region is 2.6 0Bx higher than in Dukagjini region (4.4 0Bx). The value of ascorbic acid in tomatoes and peppers on the open field and in greenhouses in two regions are not significante. The imported potatoes compared with those cultivated in Dukagjini region have higher values of ascorbic acid for 34.95 mg, while the value of ascorbic acid of the imported peppers is for 221.883 mg higher than in Dukagjini region. The imported tomatoes have higher values, in ppm, of metals such are Ca (+6.12), Mg (+1.99), Zn (+0.27) and Fe, B, Pb, Mn and Cr comparing with cultivated ones in Kosovo, beside the Ni that has higher values for about 0.003. Peppers cultivated in Kosovo have higher values, in ppm, for Mg , Zn, Fe, Ni, B and Cr, and lower values for Ca, Cu, Pb and Mn, compared with imported ones. The results shows that such research are further needed to make a clear cut and increase accuracy effects of different intensity of cultivation methods and input applications on the quantity and quality of nutrients.

Milk and its products are of key importance in nutrition including all ages owing to the fact that it bears distinct nutritional value. The physical and chemical composition of each of the milk core components are interwoven in such a way, that changing conditions in one component causes changes in the other component.

It is worth emphasizing that in Kosovo a large amount of milk is imported from production companies abroad, although Kosovo is capable of fulfilling over 80% of market demand. A very important component of the quality of milk in terms of chemistry is the composition of essential microelements, where very little research is done at the country level.

The underlying objective of the research is to determine some of the essential microelements such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr and Co in imported milk and at country level.

There has been carried out practical work in the UBT research laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, by utilizing the instrumental technique AAS (Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy).

Strawberries (Fragaria x Ananassa Duch.) are appreciated and important in our diet for their sensory and nutritional characteristics because of their high content of essential nutrients is beneficial for biological activity in human health. The aim of this research was to analysis nutritional quality by chemical parameter of fresh strawberry samples from plantation in Kosovo area at the ripe stage. The following quality parameters were determined in the strawberry’s fruits: pH, dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS/◦Brix), total acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, Total sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose, vitamin C, protein, and lipids. Our results can be used to inform potential strawberry farmers about the nutritional qualities and consumer preferences for strawberries. The rich nutritional composition of the studied fruits make them a very special food. A high consumption of plant foods, such as strawberries, appears to decrease the risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and overall mortality. It can also promote a healthy complexion, increased energy, and overall lower weight. All statistical analysis performed using the MS Excel program and SPSS 22.0 statistics software.

The flours that are obtained by the grinding process have different qualities which affect the safety aspect of the flours. During the grinding process it is attempted to remove the epidermis which is microbiologically contaminated by the conditions of cultivation, harvesting, transportation and storage. Because it is a part of direct contact with the environment, this layer, although rich in nutritional value, must be removed to ensure product safety. Based on these data our study has focused on the microbiological qualities of different flours and the moisture of the product which has a very significant effect on the development of microorganisms. Samples The samples taken during this study were random in the market, different flours were analyzed: X1. Integral flour, X1 / 1. Flour type 400 of the same manufacturer, X2 Flour type 400. The study examined the product moisture ratio with the total number of microorganisms, molds and yeasts.

The cake is a sweet product which is made by mixing ingredients into a batter and baked. Cake baking can be defined as a process of ingredient transformation such as flour, sugar, milk, egg, fat and leavening agents into a product with unique features, characterized with changes in color, flavor and other sensorial features. Sugar is the most important ingredient in cake making. The role of sugar in the daily diet has a direct effect on nutrition and health. The main attention was directed to dental health and obesity. When partial reduction of sugar in baked products is used, it directly affects the quality (texture, volume, and appearance) of the product. The results of this investigation show the effect of sugar reduction for 10% and 20% on texture and sensory parameters of cake compared with the control sample. The following parameters of cake samples were determined: texture (TA XT plus), color (CR-310 Chroma Meter), viscosity (Brookfield DVE Viscometer), and sensory characteristics. For data evaluation, SPSS software platform and MS Excel is used. Based on the reduction of white sugar in cake samples for 10% and 20% do not affect significantly textural and sensory characteristics of the cake. In this case baking a cake with less sugar has its advantages. It is the best choice for people with diabetes because they are able to consume a baked product and at the same time to avoid the risk of increasing sugar levels in the blood.

Aging has become one of the main researches in recent decades. The statistics over the aging of population in Kosovo and over the world show that the number of the population over 65 will increase significantly in the near future. There will be an urgent need for special design for elderly housing.

Many old people who do not have family care or a place to call their home, the elderly home care will be a safe place where they can live with dignity, comfort, security, service and harmony. Due to dynamic life of two parents who are facing work-related emergencies, there will be an opportunity to send old and young to 24-hour care and provide intergenerational classes. The motive of this study is to connect young and old in symbiosis with all of the services, needs and care. This place will be a home for everyone, where complete peace of mind will reign.

Amalgam is the main material used in the dental filling. It consists of mercury, silver, tin, and copper. Approximately 50% of amalgam is mercury by weight, a toxic substance that represents a global threat to human and environmental health. Due to neurotoxic effect of mercury on children, some EU countries have banned the use of amalgam in children and pregnant women. In Republic of Kosova over 80% of dentists use amalgam as the main dental filling especially in children and elderly people.

Based on our research, dental waste management does not function properly and there is a lack of best management practices in regard to handling and disposing of amalgam as hazardous wastes by dental clinics and laboratories. In most cases, amalgam wastes are thrown into the regular trash, discharged in public sewer or mixed along with other biomedical wastes destined for incineration. An ISO 11143 certified amalgam separator system that ensures efficient separation of mercury amalgam waste is far from practicing.

Toxic chemicals released by dental clinics may be minimal but their continuous discharge in nature lead to elevation, persistence and bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals causing a serious menace to environmental health. Our first assessment provided important information on making a national plan that stipulates adequate management from handling to the disposing of mercury hazardous waste in a qualified landfill. Without clear regulation and enforcement, reducing the potential effects of environmental contamination will not happen.

The purpose of this study is to study how land fragmentation affects crop biodiversity and farm productivity. This study is based on empirical analysis of farms in Kosovo, based on a preliminary analysis we see that land fragmentation is inversely proportional to farm productivity, while land fragmentation productivity declines and vice versa. In our case with the analysis of 200 populations carried out at farm level, it is seen that land fragmentation increases biodiversity, which means that on one hand it increases the possibility of producing a large number of crops and meeting the community need, while on the other hand it reduces the possibility of applying the composition and determination for the development of strategic products for economic development. The results show us that farm/crop biodiversity plays an important role in farm profitability. Policies that aim to increase land consolidation and reduce fragmentation may overlook the positive link between biodiversity and farm profitability. Policies that encourage land consolidation should, therefore, consider the crucial role that this has on other variables such as farm biodiversity.

In our country in Kosovo and in Albania, growth surfaces cultivated with this decorative plant is growing every day more and more while farmers are so concerned with the cultivation of large losses grew because of exactly the occurrence of this disease in cultivars market requirements. In our experimental thesis work during 2018 vegetation we have diagnose the presence of pathogenic Sphaerotheca pannosa.We have also identified the time of infection in untreated susceptible cultivars. In samples taken in leafages, we diagnosed the symptoms characteristic macroscopic forms of white mold and leafages such I have sent to identify labortor reproductive organs pathogen-conidia. Making their size measuring microscope (length and width) expressed in microns square.Taking samples from ten leafages and flowers on each plant, twice during the vegetation, has enabled us, to determine the degree of vulnerability in the leafages and flowers.

Commercial baby food based on cereals are the products usually made with cereals, sugar and variable additives. As the foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses, baby foods for infants and young children conforms to a set of strict guidelines e.g. nutritional quality, addition of additives, labelling. However, being an important supplement to children diet and for their progressive adaptation to ordinary food, the nutritional quality of commercial baby food based on cereals in very important. Samples of commercial baby food from the market and pharmacies were analyzed by parameters: pH, total soluble solids, moisture, total acidity, vitamin C, proteins, sugars and lipids. All samples of baby food are produced by foreign companies since currently there are no Kosovo manufacturers producing this range of products. The nutritional quality parameters are important to assess the quality of the product and how it can be safely stored. The analyzed parameters were all within the allowed limits. However, as a precaution, storage remarks in the product labels should always be followed.

This study is conducted on the basis of market demand and J.S.C. “Birra Peja”, Peja, Kosovo, beer factory management demand for a quality non-alcoholic beer. This study aims to produce alcohol-free beer with technological process. This beer should have 0% alcohol and 6.0 - 6.2% basic extract. The entire production process is engaged in this study. The work done in the production was monitored by the laboratory of the factory "Birra Peja". The work was also monitored in the laboratory of the brewery “Union” in Ljubljana, Slovenia, the National Institute of Health in Pristina, and the Peja Agricultural Institute.

Chemical and microbiological analyzes were carried out based on methods according to the European Convention on Breweries (ECB) and Mitteleuropäische Brautechnische Analysenkommission e. V. (Central European Commission for Brewing Analysis) or MEBAK.

From laboratory analyzes and sensory evaluations of beer quality, we have come to the conclusion that non-alcoholic or zero-alcohol beer is of good quality, and, considering the hight quality, it should be produced in “Birra Peja".

This place is part of the Sharr Mountains massif which lies in the southern part of Kosovo. The altitude ranges from 560 - 1700m. In research conducted in the period 2018-2019. Within the botanical research we have identified the Lamiaceae family as the species of this family are of great medical, aromatic and decorative importance. The large change in altitude, pedological, geological composition, climatic conditions and field exposures have enabled a diversity of plant species. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs, such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, and perilla. Found of 19 species are found in 11 genres listed within of vascular flora. From elements of flora, Euroasiatic floristic element dominates, while the dominant life forms are hemicriptophytes.

This study evaluates the process of production wort for beer production of “Peja Beer”. Samples of wort were taken for the period of ten days for measurable characteristics: original extract, pH and color. The process was conducted under real production conditions, where every four hours 315 hl of wort was produced. The Shewhart Control Graph for Individual Measurements was taken to determine if the process was with respect to each quality characteristic statistically under control. Based on the obtained results, we came to the conclusions that the process was under control. The upper and lower control limit for the original extract and pH were within the specifications while the color must be corrected.

Genetically modified organisms are foods produced by organisms that have undergone changes in their DNA using methods of genetic engineering and molecular biology. Genetically modified crops or cultivars are designed for resistance to pathogens and herbicides, to add better nutritional properties, gain more economically and lose less, etc. This study analyzed several samples from different producers (domestic and foreign), whose cultivars make up a large percentage of basic nutrition in RKS, especially in rural areas and

especially this raw material of vegetable origin, maize, constitutes the main feed on farms within RKS. Samples were taken on a conceptual basis conceptually from the maize product and the maize itself. This topic and this problem in Kosovo is relatively new so it is necessary to raise concerns in this study through scientific analysis and theories, explaining what GMOs are, why they are produced, their side effects (health, environment) ) and the differences to be made, separation from facts and myths, domestic vs. imported production, objective

judgment which primarily has an economy functioning for society rather than society functioning for economy and most importantly the rule of law and how the food law in the RKS addresses the subject at hand. In this study, four samples from two different producers that are present in the Kosovo market and which are used as main product for animals nutrition and human nutrition also, are analyzed, the method of analysis is Agrastrip® GMO - Romer labs®. Samples were taken on a random basis in the market and the focus of the study is one product, corn.

The scope of this study has been the antimicrobial effect of plantbased preservative on fresh milk. Analyzes of the total number of microorganisms in milk have been carried out in accordance with the requirements of ISO 4833. From the samples taken randomly in the market were separated in two samples where one we analyzed the number of total microorganisms without using any treatment, while in the other one we analyzed the number of total microorganisms after adding a quantity of 0.4 ml preservative per 1 L milk. The results show that the number of microorganisms decreased by 26 times 30 minutes after the addition of the preservative, while the 48-hour action of the preservative reduced the number of microorganisms by 174 times, cipher that represents the peak of the effect of the added preservative.

The object of this study is to follow the qualitative parameters of orange juice in the market (region) of Polog in Tetovo. Samples were taken during the study and qualitative parameters in orange juice were compared by comparing differences between juices with different fruit contents. Orange juice produced and packaged in Tetra Package minimum 50% fruit juice content and 100% fruit content. Parameter control and obtained results were analyzed in the laboratory of the Faculty of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Tetova, Tetovo. Study parameters are sensory properties, pH rate, soluble dry matter, turbidity, total acidity. The results obtained showed slight variations but are characteristic of the fruit content in the juice.

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins of great interest to the dairy industry. Given the fact that aflatoxins mycotoxins M1 can cause toxic effects called mycotoxicosis. It has been reported that mycotoxins are carcinogenic, tumorigenic and cause of skin diseases in a large number of organisms and cause hepatic carcinomas in humans.This study aims to identify the amount of M1 mycotoxins in dairy products used by consumers in the Republic of Kosovo. According to the results obtained from the analysis of processed milk samples, we have concluded that aflatoxin M1 content in all types of dairy products does not exceed the limits according to the applicable rule for food safety in the Republic of Kosovo.

The aim of the present study was to investigate heavy metal contents and radionuclides of cow’s milk. In total 37 random milk samples were collected from different sources (32 from milk collection centers and 5 imported). Quantitative analysis was performed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer to determine heavy metals concentrations and the assessment of human health risks related to milk consumption in the region of Kosovo. Concentrations were estimated of thirty-five heavy metals in milk samples but are reported only the most important elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb. From the analytic analysis, the results showed that the average milk concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cd were higher than the suggested standards.

Top Fruit crops represent important economic activity in the Junik area, in Western Kosovo. An ever-expanding young industry faces with stresses caused by Scolytus Rugulosus (Shothole borer), an insect-pest which damages various parts of the fruit trees. This study was carried out to determine the dynamics of the pest fly in Top Fruit plantations with Apple, Sweet Cherry, and Sour Cherry crops. A passive sampling method was implemented with the use of Ethanol traps for trapping insects. The counting of trapped insects was done on daily basis. Temperature and air humidity in the study area were measured too. First adults were detected in the second week of March while the maximum emerge was in April month. At temperatures of 18-20 0 C the presence of adult insect increases, however, in late March and early April when temperatures have dropped below zero during the night and went up to + 7 0 C during the day, a significant number of adult insects were trapped too.

Drought stress directly affects growth along with productivity of plants by altering plant water status. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) an oilseed crop, is adversely affected by abiotic stresses. The present study was carried out to study the genetic variability and diversity among the sunflower genotypes at seedling stage based on different morpho-physiological parameters under Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) induced stress. A total of twenty seven genotypes including two hybrids, eight advanced lines and seventeen accessions of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were tested at germination and seedling stages in Polyethylene Glycol. Correlation and principle component analysis confirmed that germination percentage, root length, proline content, shoot length, chlorophyll content, stomatal frequency and survival percentage are positively correlated with each other hence; these traits were responsible for most of variation among genotypes. The cluster analysis results showed that genotypes Ausun, line-2, line-8, 17559, 17578, Hysun-33, 17555, and 17587 as more diverse among all the genotypes. These most divergent genotypes could be utilized in the development of inbreed which could be subsequently used in the heterosis breeding.

The purpose of this paper was the determination of some physicochemical parameters in the wine, with special emphasis on total sulfur dioxide (TSO2) and free sulfur dioxide (FSO2) concentration. The aim was to see how the professional criteria are being applied by our oenologists during different stages of winemaking, and consequently the impact of these wines may have on human health in the future. A total of 12 wine samples were analyzed. Sampling was done at three wine cellars in Rahovec – Kosovo. Samples were taken from the wine tanks and bottled wine. The types of analyzed wines have been Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon. Applying standard work protocols, the analysis were performed at the laboratory of the company Stone Castle Wine – Rahovec. The EU has set a legal limit for total SO2 of 150 mg/L in red wines and 200 mg/L in white wines. Most of the samples turned out to be within the EU permissible levels, excluding a sample in which concentration of TSO2 above the EU permissible values has been observed, as well as in some other samples, critical values of FSO2 have also been observed. As a conclusion, these wines generally do not pose a risk to human health in the future.

The aim of this study was the evaluation of microbial and physicochemial parameters during production and maturation of traditional Rugova cheese. Samples were collected from different points of Rugova region and transported to the laboratory under constant cooling conditions. The average number of total mesophilic bacteria was 5.1 x 10 8 cfu/ml in milk and 2.4 x 10 8 cfu/gr in maturated cheese. The number of lactic acid bacteria in milk and cheese were 3.5 x 10 6 cfu/ml, respectively 1.7 x 10 8 cfu/gr. All physicochemical parameters in milk and cheese have been within the allowed values for milk and cheese and in accordance with the standards used by the Institute of Public Health of Kosovo.

It has been proven that if milk does not cool immediately after milking, has an increase in the number of bacteria and acidity as well as a decrease in quality. This also has economic implications because this milk will be rated lower during categorization. 12 months research has included 1588 samples of fresh milk from farms that did not refrigerate the milk. Only milk samples which were negative in the alcohol test were included in the analysis. The count of the number of bacteria was done through the use of 3M ™ Petri films. It turns out that the average number of all samples for 12 months is 198,164 bacteria/ml. As a result, all samples for each month were evaluated with the 2nd category. During the summer months up to 20% of the samples were eliminated through the alcohol test, proving the highest bacterial presence and acidification of the milk.

As in all food and beverage production processes, the pH value is of high importance in wort and beer production, too. There are several processes and changes that proceed considerably faster and better at low pH-values. The pH of unboiled wort without mash acidification is about 5.6 to 5.8 and the pH of cast wort is about 5.4 to 5.6. At a lower pH many processes proceed better and faster, such as good precipitation of protein-polyphenol complexes when boiling wort at pH 5.2, less increase in wort colour, a better and clean tasting hop bitterness at a lower pH, micro-organisms less resistant at a lower pH, the range of enzymes is considerably improved because all the important enzymes, with the exception of α-amylase, are activated, the supply of zinc is increased, the extract yield is increased, etc. Therefore, it is preferable to acidify biologically during the mashing and at the end of the boiling of wort. This also impacts the other processes during fermentation and impact directly on some quality parameters of the final beer.

Whey proteins and amino acid supplements have a strong position in the sports nutrition market based on the supposed quality of proteins and amino acids they provide. Recent studies using the stable isotope methodology demonstrate the ability of whey proteins or mixtures of amino acids with similar compositions to promote protein synthesis of the body and whole muscles. Other ways of research development explore the health benefits of whey that extend beyond protein and basic food. Many whey-derived bioactive ingredients are under study for their ability to provide specific health benefits. These functions are being investigated primarily in tissue culture systems and animal models. The capacity of these compounds to modulate obesity and improve immune function and antioxidant activity presents new applications potentially tailored to the needs of those individuals with active lifestyles. This paper will review the recent literature describing the functional properties of essential amino acids, whey proteins, whey-derived minerals and other compounds, and the mechanisms by which they can benefit active people in the context that exercise is a form of metabolic stress. The response to this stress can be positive, as with more muscle contraction and improved functionality or greater strength. However, the overall benefits may be jeopardized if immune function or general health is challenged in response to stress. From a mechanical point of view, whey proteins, their compound amino acids and / or related compounds may be able to provide substrate and bioactive components to extend the overall benefits of physical activity.

Recently humanity throughout the world is facing the Covid 19 pandemic. More than 38 million people worldwide have been infected and 1.09 million have died from this disease. There are currently 16,425 cases of infection and 650 deaths in Kosovo. This virus spreads through air, contact with infected people and respiratory droplets. These droplets can fall on different types of surfaces and survive up to a few days. In this study we have researched the risk of the spread of Covid 19 from different food packaging materials. According to research and data from WHO, FDA, CDCP, FPF etc, respiratory droplets of infected fluid can fall on objects and surfaces. Therefore, when someone puts their hand near their mouth, nose or eyes after touching that surface they can get infected. Covid 19 can survive from a few hours to a few days depending on some conditions like the type of packaging material, lighting, temperature and humidity of the surrounding environment etc. Catching COVID-19 by touching contaminated surfaces or objects is possible, however, the risk is low. Still it is recommended that the packaging needs to be left unopened and intact for several hours, also the hygiene protocol needs to be followed to reduce the risk of spreading COVID-19.

This study aimed to estimate the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of water in Gjakova watershed in different months of the year. In the six months, from January 2020 to June 2020 are defined changes of these parameters such as total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, pH, temperature, NTU, NH3, and NO2. The object of the study was treated water and untreated water from the lake. The results showed that the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of the treated water samples were within the ISO Standards for drinking water, while the parameters of the lake water samples were shown to be highest during the February and April. Therefore, periodic monitoring of water quality is recommended especially at the end of the winter season and during the spring season.

The purpose of this research work has been to determine and analyze physical- chemical and pollution control parameters, like pH, sulfates, chlorides, nitrites, nitrates, ammonia, phosphates, DO, BEO5, CEO. Water samples were taken in different locations of the Sateska River and one lakeshore where the water of this river pours in the Ohrid Lake. This occurrence occurs in the lower part of the river 6.9 km before dumping when erosive material of 112.907 m3/year, from 1962 enters the Ohrid Lake, which is characterized by the richest biodiversity, the result of its ancient age, between two-three million years. The peculiar characteristic of this lake is its ability to self-regeneration. From the obtained results we can conclude that as a result of the use of different chemicals (pesticides) in agriculture and erosive discharges from the Sateska River in the Ohrid Lake, the eutrophication of the Ohrid Lake can be induced and developed, seriously endangering the existing flora and fauna of the lake.

This study was conducted for 6 months in the region of Prizren. During the research period, December 2019 – May 2020 were collected 292 samples from four smallholders in the “SHARRI” dairy. Samples were collected using a proportional random sampling method. Samples were subject to microbiological (total bacterial count and somatic cells) and physicochemical ((fat, protein, lactose, SNF, TS, FPD, density and acidity, density) measurements of raw cow milk, by international standard methods. The results of samples from the four farmers showed that the number of samples that belonged to the third class of TBC count was: farmer 1 - 34/292, farmer 2 - 34/292, farmer 3 - 39/292, and farmer 4 - 33/292 samples. From a microbiological point of view, it has been observed that stricter control of the hygienic conditions of the environment for cows and transport conditions is required.

This field experiment was designed to assess the effect of rootstocks M9 and MM106 on leaf surface in two different apple cultivars Idared and Granny Smith. The experiment was conducted in Kosovo (Anamorava region), in apple orchard using a nested experimental design. During the experiment based on two-way analysis of variance, we found significant changes on the leaf surface among cultivars, but no differences among rootstocks. The results obtained in the agro-ecological conditions of Kosovo, where it is stated clearly that in average the leaf surface have higher values of the two combinations grafts has reached the rootstock MM106 (Granny Smith 27.42 cm 2 and Idared 25.03 cm 2 ), while the grafts M9 values are relatively low (Idared 24.65 cm 2 and Granny Smith 27.04 cm 2 ). The changes introduced showed to be as result of heritable characteristics of cultivar and rootstock.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of growing technologies on plant growth and yield of gherkins (Cucumis sativum L) under common open field conditions. The experiment was carried out at farmer’s field in Shipol, Mitrovica municipality of Kosovo. Two different growing technologies trellising (TS) and without trellising system (WTS) were applied for gherkin cultivar Dirigent F1. The effects of different growing technologies on growth parameters, yield, and chemical content of harvested fruits were estimated under common open field conditions. The results of the experimental data revealed that the application of the trellising system (TS) recorded significantly the highest vine length, more number of leaves per plant, number of fruits, and highest fruit yield. . No significant differences exist between the two applied growing technology on the chemical content of harvested fruits.

Food quality and safety belong to the most important factors of building the image of the product, brand, or country of origin at the local, regional or global markets. The main aim of the paper is to assessment the food products quality perception in the Kosovo from consumers viewpoint and to analyses the elements which contribute most to defining the quality of a food product. Different aspects of the food products quality perception were considered during our research as food hygiene, product safety, taste, brand, quality mark and safety processes in food manufacturing. The methodical approaches of the paper are based on the questionnaire survey. The computations were processed by using the statistical program SPSS. The research results point at the expiration date of the food product as the most important qualitative factor for the respondents in all consumers. On the other hand, the quality management system during the processing food as a factor is considered as of either a much importance one in terms of the product quality perception. Also, the packing as a factor is considered as of either importance one in terms of the product quality perception.

This paper aims to analyze the impact of Covid-19 on cow’s milk production in Gjilan region. It is a descriptive and quantitative survey. The random sampling technique was used to select the respondents of 71 dairy farms in three municipalities of Gjilan (Vitia, Kamenica, and Gjilan). Interviews include farms where 5-78 dairy cows are bred. Data on milk production, farm expenses, and returns for each farm were recorded during the period February- April 2020 and a comparison was performed with the same period for 2019. The farmers reported that restrictive measures undertaken as a result of Covid-19, did not have any negative impact on milk production, sales, expenses and returns, however, 26,8% of the farmers interviewed reported that milk production had decreased. Farmers should improve animal feeding in the second half of 2020 and at least achieve last year's production.

Meat is an important source of nutrition and include fats, protein, vitamins B1, B6, B12, D, iron and zinc. The recommended amount of protein for adults is generally 0.8gr per kg of body weight. This research determines the quality and consumption of meat. The survey include 170 people were responded about animal welfare, meat quality and consumption. From 170 respondents, 64.7% are female, 35.3% are male, which 33.5% are under 25 years old, 60.5% are 25-45 years old, 4.8% are 45-65 years old and 1.2% are over 65 years old. 96.4% of them consume meat while only 3.6% are not consuming any kind of meat. And at the end of the results we saw that most of them (64.4%) consume white meat (chicken) which is included once a week in their diet while only 35.6% consume red meat (beef/veal) which is also included once a week in their diet.

Flavonoids as natural bioactive compounds are distributed plant secondary metabolites, particularly in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, chocolate, grape seeds, apple skin and beverages (tea, wine, and juices). Flavonols may be found mainly in fruits and vegetables, while flavones are abundant in herbs and spices. Flavanones are primarily found in a variety of citrus fruits and anthocyanidins in many colored berries. Average daily intake of flavonoids is approximately in the range of 150 to 300 mg. It strongly depends on individual, country and culture usages. In west countries main dietary sources of flavonoids consist of tea, wine and fruits, while in east countries there is consumed mainly soy with high is flavonoid content. Many studies have shown that intake of fruits and vegetables with high flavonoid content is associated with lowered risk of incidence of some diseases such as cardiovascular or cancer. These findings are attributed to experimentally confirmed biological effects of flavonoids – antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anticancer or cardioprotective. The final effect is however depending on their bioavailability, which is in the case of flavonoids not high, because in the nature dominating flavonoid glycosides can poorly penetrate through lipophilic cell membranes. Final effective molecules are flavonoid metabolites, that more or less retain their biological activities.

Understanding the role of oxidative stress in brain as well as developing medical strategies to reduce its damaging potential in the aging process and pathogenesis of cancer, neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s diseases and Parkinson’s diseases and other incurable illnesses is an important direction in medicine and biochemistry over the world. This review outlines the processes by which hROS may be formed, their damaging potential and determinations methods. Also, the questions upon the nature of reactive hROS in a Fenton (like) system plays a crucial role will be addressed on this part and several lines of evidences will be presented in order to clarify this issue. Highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (hROS) have been implicated in the etiology of many diseases, therefore monitoring of hROS should be extremely helpful to further investigate and understand the role of hROS in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders and to develop medical strategies to reduce the damaging potential of hROS. The very short half-life of OH• requires the use of trapping agents such as salicylic acid or phenylalanine for detection, but their hydroxylated derivatives are either unstable, or implicated as reactant in biochemical processes. Based on already successfully in vitro and in vivo work done in our group in the past two decades, we decided to use sodium terephthalic acid as a trapping agent, the hydroxylation of which yields only one stable and highly fluorescent isomer, 2-hydroxyterephthalate (OH-TA).

Sixty-two percent (62%) of grape vine samples were collected from the most important Kosovo’s region Rahovec, twenty-five percent (25%) from Suhareka and thirteen percent (13%) from Prizren.To assess the spread of GFLV, ArMV, GLRaV-1,2,3, GVA and GVB viruses, the plants were sampled according to a random scheme during December. Sampled plants were extracted in the laboratory and analyzed by ELISA test using mono- and poly-clone antibodies. Considering the research which was conducted in 2015, 2016 and 2017 in order to diagnose GFLV, ArMV, GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GVA and GVB viruses in the most widespread grape cultivars in Kosovo, which are of mixed origin, i.e. the cultivars Smederevka, Vranac, Prokupa and Afuzali - domestic varieties or Balkan varieties and foreign or imported varieties such as: Game, Italian Rizling and Muscat Hamburg, different results have been obtained during three years of study. In most viruses, the infection rate has been on the rise, if we compare the results of 2015, 2016 and 2017. The only virus GFLV, has resulted in a reduction in infection from 2015 to 2017.

Sugars play an important role in metabolic processes in lives. However, different sugars transfer differently energy in different pathways. This differentiation makes a food product to have different test and to increase the quality of products. In another hands, lactic acid bacteria play an important role in production of lactic acid and aroma compounds in fermented food. The aim of this paper describes the growth rate and metabolic pathway of different products and bacteria when different sugars are added in products and bacteria. To explain this model Enterococcus faecalis is added in experiment and different sugars such as glucose, galactose, fructose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose. The experiment has been analysed by growing the culture for 24h and check the growth rate and analyse by high performance liquid chromatography. The result shows that glucose is the best metabolize sugars followed by fructose, sucrose, maltose, galactose, and lactose as a carbon source. While in energy transformation galactose and lactose transfer most of the energy to mixed acid fermentation compared to glucose and galactose which these energies it transfers into the homofermentative- fermentation. These results are ambitious results to apply and possibly to increase the expiry date of fermented products in dairy industries.

International food trade, in addition to being an economic activity, is also an activity deeply linked to food security, the well-being of the population and politics. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of international trade on food security during the COVID 19 pandemic in Kosovo. Although trade in agricultural products during this period has been shown to be more flexible than trade in other commodities due to the essential nature of food products, additional disruptions in the supply chain can start and undermine this sustainability. Interruptions in food supply chains pose a risk to global and local food security, especially in Kosovo given that according to (Ask, 2020), trade in goods in 2019 represents a trade deficit of 3.113.34 billion euros. Despite the concluded trade agreements (CEFTA, SAA, FTA with Turkey), Kosovo continues to face a large negative trade balance, with an annual trade deficit that reached the value of over 3.1 billion euros in 2019, reflecting a low level of competition in domestic, and foreign markets and with a lack of product variety. Trade plays a crucial role in global food security. This point has been made by several international economic organizations and groups since the outbreak of COVID-19.

Food sector is changing rapidly and getting more complex day by day. Many innovative food products are producing and trading all over the world and the consumers are more aware about food content and nutritive and healthy values. Getting information on the scientific way, different tools and software are prepared by qualified experts for collecting, registering, and analyzing food composition data, as beneficial for food policies, industries, studies, modeling diets and foods, etc. This paper aims to present a simple model of Albania food composition database (FCD) and further efforts for its development by involvement and using also for Kosovo food data. Registration of 70 raw, pre-prepared and food products, which are most consumed and produced in both countries, was achieved by Daris database management system, developed and licensed by National Agricultural and Food Center-Food Research Institute, in Bratislava, as part of Official Development Support Program for Central and Eastern Europe in the food composition area, this initiative is financially supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic. Future enhancement of FCD, is needed for Albania and it will be useful also in neighbor countries as well.

The study focused on the effects of school-based feeding program in the eyes of the stakeholders conducted on March 2019 to grades 1 to 6 beneficiary pupils, selected teachers, SBFP In-Charge and School Head of Mansagomayon Elementary School, District 4 of Sta. Catalina, Division of Negros Oriental. A descriptive design was used in this study whichd eemed appropriate in the context of this study since the researcher will describe the effectiveness of the SBFP as employed in the research locale. Additionally, Key informant interview with the selected representatives of the identified groups of stakeholders was conducted to provide qualitative support to the claims of the study. Since this study used the KII as the principal mode of data gathering among the participants, a semi structure interview guide was used. The said interview shall be composed of 7-10 questions that were patterned to achieve the objectives of this research conduct. However, the researcher has the leeway to ask a follow up questions given the goal of the research is not yet clarified to the respondents. Meanwhile, the secondary data such as the baseline and endline data of the respondents’ nutritional status were taken from the Nutrition Coordinator of the school. Mean and t-test was used to analyze the data. Results revealed that the nutritional status of the pupils were below normal despite of the efforts in giving supplement and dietary assistance of the school through the conduct of feeding program hence the very purpose of the program in providing complete meals and enhancing the nutrition of these pupils were not thoroughly achieved. The mean of pupils’ baseline and end line data shows a highly significant difference on the baseline and endline data results for the pupils’ BMI with a P-value of 0.000 and t-value of - 3.570.This implies that the results of the BMI of the pupil beneficiaries differ significantly before and after the 120 days feeding program. This means that there was a change and movement in the nutritional status of the pupils as the program was implemented.

The quality control of edible sunflower oil is monitored through several stages, from unrefined oil, during the whole refining process as well as the bottled oil. Initially is checked the unrefined oil by means of analyzing its origin, enabling us to understand what the origin of the oil is. Subsequently are checked the compounds that need to be removed from the sunflower oil in the refining process. We also pay special attention to the preservation of some compounds present in the unrefined oil. The methodologies applied for oil quality control are physical- chemical and microbiological methods.

The development of society is related to the high consumption of a variety of food products, the use of electro-household appliances, furniture, and its furnishing, clothing, plastic materials, etc. The increase of urban waste is considered both from the social development and the increase of the population, for example, Prishtina 1,116,355 tons/year, Prizren 90,858 tons/year, Peja 41,748 tons/year, Mitrovica 64,663 tons/year. The increase in urban waste will affect our environment (soil, water, and air). Even though our city is endangered by their lack of treatment, their quantity is constantly increasing. We need to change the concept that waste is worthless. On the contrary, urban waste contains value because every product obtained from them contains the value. Product = raw material (monetary value) + energy + human labor. So, through waste assessment, we reduce their volume, while through their treatment we obtain raw materials (, for example from the treatment of waste paper waste, we will protect forests, but in the meantime, we will also protect the environment. Urban waste is of different natures organic nature (kitchen waste…) metal (tins ...) plastic (water and liquid bottles…) glass, paper, leather, textiles, etc. This means that there are different ways and methods to assess urban waste. Among the most important methods of their assessment are Recycling, Reuse, and processing as secondary material in other processes. Urban waste also has its specificity. Many of these urban wastes can serve as raw material for many sectors of our city's economy (eg recycling of plastic waste, paper, and metal waste). But the assessment of urban waste cannot be realized successfully liquidated in case there is no organization for their selection from the beginning. This should be done by the collection company with a good treatment of the collection staff.

Lack of plants for the protection of a major problem in the world, therefore Kosovo is exposed to levels of pollution assessment from urban, industrial, and another wastewater. From a scientific point of view, the purpose of this official research is to combat pollution in the waters of the Drenica River. The Drenica River is the largest tributary on the left bank of the Sitnica River (47.6 km), with a biased city of 446.4 km2. The average flow of the river Drenica in Sitnica is 2.0m3 / s. In this paper we have determined the degree of pollution assessment in the Drenica River, by strengthening some physical and chemical parameters such as: information metals, dissolved oxygen, saturation with O2, chemical recommendation of oxygen, biochemical oxygenation of oxygen, carbon total organic, nitrates, detergents, phosphate ions, chlorides, phenols, turbidity etc. Marriage samples at 3 locations for more than ten months (to clarify the exact result) and can be analyzed in the laboratories of the Kosovo Hydrometeorological Institute. Methods used in available laboratories: Absorption atomic spectrometry, Spectrophotometer and UV-vis spectrophotometer.

Evergreen hedges are a popular choice to have in the garden or as part of outdoor space. They provide year-round leaf cover and a consistent, attractive, full hedge look. Evergreen shrubs are favorable with gardeners where privacy is required. Thuja occidentalis species are the most popular hedge garden plants grown in Kosovo. Cupressocyparis Leylandii is a fast-growing hedge plant that has the quickest growth rate of approximately 75-90 cm per year. Leylandii, also known as Cupressocyparis, is a stunning hedge plant that will add elegance in garden. The purpose of our work was the study of characteristics of development stage, ornamental values and used hedge garden cultivars as integral components in landscape architecture and urban design in Kosovo. During the 2018-2020 period, the subjects of the research in our experimental field, Two evergreen plants with two cultivars have been studied:Thuja occidentalis 'Smaragd' and Cupressocyparis leylandii. The experimental design was ’randomized block’ with four replications and 200 plants for each variety. Distance of planting was 100 x 35 cm. The growth period of the plants in urban landscape design were studied from April to October under Kosovo climate conditions. For a good architecture of the urban landscape, the studied cultivars of Thuja sp. and Leylandii species, should be included in the hedge planting structure.

The objective of this study was to assess the influence of NPK fertilizers on yield and dry mass partitioning of potato. The experiment was conducted in soil type Fluvisol located in Vushtrri municipality of Kosovo. Two different potato commercial cultivars (Agria and Opal) were sown in area of 1.4 ha per each treatment in two replications 0.7 ha per replication. The quantity of applied NPK fertilizers per plots were based on planed yield and soil analyses which applied technology was compared with traditional one usually applied by potato growers in experimental area. The randomly of harvested quantity of potato tubers per each experimental plot which yield, and dray mass partitioning were measured. Based on experimental data the yield and dry mass partitioning were significantly higher to both cultivars with application of NPK fertilizers based on soil analysis and plant requirements for a certain yield

If mashing is conducted at 62 to 63˚C, a higher maltose composition is obtained, and the limit is of fermentation rate is higher. The wort, which has a lot of maltose ferments quickly, and the yeast is kept suspended for a long time. Continuous mashing at 62 to 64˚C yields beer with a high fermentation limit; if these temperatures are exceeded, and continuous mashing is carried out at 72 to 75˚C, beers with high dextrin content and low fermentation limit are obtained. To produce beer, primary and secondary fermentation are performed. During primary fermentation, the obtained sugars are converted into alcohol, CO2, and lasts up to 7 days; during secondary fermentation, the beer matures, and this process lasts up to 21 days. This paper will address the importance of achieving the right temperatures during the malt heating process, as well as their importance in the development of the fermentation process.

Alpine lakes are characteristic of high altitudes, located mainly in areas where there are no settlements. The lakes are located an altitude of over 2000 meters, their depth varies from 1m to 2m, their width from 25 to over 40m, surface from 625m to over 1600 m 2 . Most alpine lakes are covered in ice during the winter. Water quality in these lakes is the main factor that controls the status of surface water, the change in water quality is essentially a combination of anthropogenic and natural contribution. The study analyzed the physico-chemical parameters of water quality and community of macrozobenthos and diatoms in three lakes. Sampling and laboratory analysis were performed in the period 2018. Based on the data analysis of physico- chemical parameters, macrozoobenthos and diatoms the water quality in these lakes belongs to the good class.